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Robin Wilson is a prominent British mathematician known for his contributions to the field of combinatorics and graph theory. He has an interest in various areas of mathematics, including topology, geometry, and the mathematical aspects of puzzles and games. In addition to his research work, Wilson is recognized for his efforts in mathematics education and communication, having authored several books aimed at making complex mathematical concepts accessible to a broader audience.

William Crathorn was an English botanist and a key figure in the field of herbal medicine during the 16th century. He is perhaps best known for his work on plant classification and his writings on the medicinal properties of various herbs. One of his notable contributions is his book "The Whetstone of Witte," published in 1540, which includes information on the uses of plants for healing and other purposes.

NESSIE, or the National Early Systems for Security in Europe, is not widely recognized in common references. However, in different contexts, "NESSIE" could refer to: 1. **Loch Ness Monster**: The term "Nessie" is often used as a nickname for the Loch Ness Monster, a legendary creature said to inhabit Loch Ness, a large freshwater loch in the Scottish Highlands.

The United States Coast Guard Unit 387, commonly referred to as the Cryptanalysis Unit, was a specialized team within the Coast Guard responsible for cryptological operations. Its primary mission was to analyze and decrypt communications that are significant for national security and maritime operations. This would typically involve intercepting, decoding, and analyzing encrypted messages that could affect Coast Guard missions, such as search and rescue, law enforcement, and national defense.

"Women in Bletchley Park" refers to the significant contributions of women who worked at Bletchley Park during World War II, where British cryptanalysts deciphered encrypted enemy communications, most notably those generated by the German Enigma machine. This site became the center of British codebreaking efforts and employed a large number of women in various roles, ranging from clerical work to complex mathematical and analytical tasks.

An Advanced Electronic Signature (AdES) is a type of electronic signature that meets specific criteria to ensure a higher level of security, authenticity, and integrity of the signed document. It goes beyond a simple electronic signature by incorporating additional features and requirements that align with legal standards and regulations, particularly in jurisdictions such as the European Union.

CAdES, which stands for CMS Advanced Electronic Signatures, is a standard for digital signatures that extends the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) to provide advanced features for electronic signatures. It is defined under various specifications from the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and is particularly recognized in the context of eIDAS (the Electronic Identification and Trust Services Regulation) in the European Union.

FIPS 140, which stands for the Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 140, is a U.S. government standard that specifies the security requirements for cryptographic modules used within information technology systems. It was established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to ensure that cryptographic modules meet specific security requirements, which are critical for protecting sensitive information.

A Trust Service Provider (TSP) is an entity that offers services designed to ensure the integrity, authenticity, and security of electronic transactions and communications. TSPs play a crucial role in digital security and trust frameworks, especially in the context of electronic signatures, encryption, authentication, and data integrity.

Noah Dana-Picard is a prominent mathematician known for his contributions to mathematics education and research. He is recognized for his work in pedagogical approaches to teaching mathematics, particularly in the context of mathematical thinking and problem-solving.

S. L. Hakimi is a mathematical concept associated with S. L. Hakimi, a computer scientist known for his work in graph theory and algorithms. Specifically, Hakimi is recognized for what is known as the "Hakimi algorithm," which is used in various applications, including network design, optimization, and resource allocation. One of his notable contributions is the study of the **Hakimi sequence**, which pertains to the characterization of the degree sequences of simple graphs.

Fluorographene is a two-dimensional carbon-based material that consists of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, similar to graphene, but is fully fluorinated. This means that all the hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms in graphene are replaced by fluorine atoms. The fluorination process alters the electronic, chemical, and physical properties of the material compared to pure graphene.

21st-century Latvian mathematicians have made contributions across various fields of mathematics, including algebra, analysis, geometry, and combinatorics. Some notable Latvian mathematicians from this period include: 1. **Andris Ambainis** - Known for his work in quantum computing and algorithms, particularly for his contributions to quantum walks and Grover's algorithm.

Adolf Ferdinand Wenceslaus Brix, commonly known as Brix, was a notable figure in the field of mathematics and engineering, particularly recognized for his contributions to the development of tools for measuring and surveying. He was also involved in the invention and improvement of various instruments in the 19th century. His name is often associated with the Brix scale, a measurement indicating the sugar content in an aqueous solution, commonly used in the food industry for fruit juices, wines, and other beverages.

William Hirstein is a philosopher known for his work in the fields of philosophy of mind, cognitive science, and neurophilosophy. He has written extensively on topics such as consciousness, self-awareness, and the nature of the mind, often exploring how insights from neuroscience can influence our understanding of these concepts. Hirstein is also known for engaging with issues related to agency and the relationship between mental states and brain states. His contributions help bridge philosophical inquiries with empirical findings from psychology and neuroscience.

Cypherpunks are advocates for the use of cryptography and privacy-enhancing technologies to promote social and political change, particularly in the context of privacy rights, government surveillance, and personal freedom. The term "cypherpunk" combines "cipher," referring to the use of codes and encryption, and "punk," signifying a countercultural stance against authority and the mainstream.

The National Security Agency (NSA) is a U.S. government agency responsible for signals intelligence (SIGINT) and information assurance. Established in 1952, the NSA is part of the Department of Defense and is tasked primarily with monitoring and collecting foreign communications and intelligence data to ensure national security.

National Cyber Security Centres (NCSC) are government entities that aim to enhance the cybersecurity posture of a nation. They typically provide guidance, support, and resources to both private and public sectors to help protect against cyber threats. Here are some key functions and characteristics of NCSCs: 1. **Threat Intelligence**: NCSCs analyze and disseminate information about cyber threats and vulnerabilities, helping organizations understand the risks they face.

COSIC, which stands for "Computer Security and Industrial Cryptography," is a research group based at the KU Leuven University in Belgium. It focuses on various aspects of cryptography and computer security. The group is engaged in both theoretical and applied research, working on topics such as encryption algorithms, secure systems, cryptographic protocols, and privacy-preserving techniques. Researchers at COSIC also collaborate with industry partners to address real-world challenges in security and cryptography.

The Central Security Service (CSS) is a U.S. government organization that plays a crucial role in the collection and analysis of signals intelligence (SIGINT). It was created in 1972 and operates as part of the National Security Agency (NSA). The CSS primarily focuses on providing support to the Department of Defense (DoD) by assisting military cryptologic operations and ensuring the effective use of signals intelligence in military contexts.