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Crystal twinning refers to a phenomenon where two or more individual crystals, known as "crystal individuals," share some of the same crystal lattice points in a symmetrical manner, resulting in a single, unified crystal structure. This occurs during the growth of crystals when conditions allow for the incorporation of multiple crystals into one entity. Twin crystals can exhibit different shapes, orientations, and properties, depending on how they are formed and the specific conditions under which the twinning occurs.

Hankinson's equation is a semi-empirical formula used to estimate the shear strength of soils, particularly in the context of site investigation and geotechnical engineering. The equation takes into account various factors that influence soil behavior, such as confining pressure and soil properties.

Helium atom scattering (HAS) is an experimental technique used in surface science to study the structure and properties of solid surfaces at the atomic level. It involves directing a beam of helium atoms at a surface and analyzing the scattered helium atoms that result from interactions with the surface. This technique takes advantage of the unique properties of helium, especially in its quantum mechanical behavior and its low mass, which make it a sensitive probe for surface characteristics.

High-frequency impulse measurement typically refers to techniques used in various fields, such as electronics, telecommunications, and materials science, to analyze responses of systems to high-frequency signals or short-duration impulses. This kind of measurement is crucial for understanding the dynamic behavior of systems, components, or materials under rapid changes.

High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) is an advanced thin-film deposition technique that enhances the traditional magnetron sputtering process by using high-power pulses instead of continuous power. This technology is utilized to create thin films with enhanced properties, which can be utilized in a variety of applications, including coatings for tools, electronics, optics, and more.

The Hume-Rothery rules are guidelines used to predict the solubility limits of one metal in another, particularly in alloy formation. These rules help in understanding the conditions under which two metals can mix or form solid solutions. The Hume-Rothery rules are based on several criteria, which can be summarized as follows: 1. **Atomic Size Factor**: The atomic radii of the two metals should not differ by more than about 15%.

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are a class of materials characterized by their unique structure, which is stabilized primarily by hydrogen bonding interactions between organic molecules. Unlike traditional covalent or ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds are relatively weak, but they can collectively provide significant stability and structural integrity to the framework.

Hydrogenography is not a widely recognized term in scientific literature or common usage as of my last update in October 2023. However, it appears to be a blend of the words "hydrogen" and "photography," often associated with techniques or methods involving the visualization or analysis of hydrogen in various contexts, particularly in scientific or industrial settings. If the term has evolved or gained specific meaning after 2023, it could relate to a particular technique or field of study.

Infrared non-destructive testing (NDT) is a technique used to evaluate the properties of materials and structures without causing any damage. This method primarily utilizes infrared (IR) radiation to detect variations in temperature and thermal properties of the materials being inspected. Here are some key aspects of infrared NDT: ### Principles - **Thermal Radiation**: All objects emit infrared radiation based on their temperature. By measuring this radiation, one can infer surface temperatures and identify thermal anomalies.

Laura Bassi (1711–1778) was an Italian physicist and the first woman to earn a degree in science in Europe. She is best known for her work in the fields of physics and medicine, and she became a prominent figure in the Enlightenment era. Bassi was particularly interested in Newtonian physics, and she conducted experiments and lectures that contributed to the understanding of mechanics and electricity.

The German Cartographic Society, known as "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kartographie" (DGfK), is a professional organization dedicated to the field of cartography in Germany. Established in 1952, the society aims to promote the science and art of map-making, geographic information systems (GIS), and related disciplines.

In mechanics, the displacement field refers to a vector field that describes the displacement of points in a material body from their original positions due to deformation. It is a fundamental concept in solid mechanics and continuum mechanics, where the behavior of materials under external forces is analyzed.

Dragontrail is a type of strengthened glass that is commonly used in the manufacturing of electronic devices, particularly smartphones and tablets. Developed by the Japanese company Asahi Glass Co., it is known for its high durability and resistance to scratches and impacts. Dragontrail glass is designed to enhance the robustness of touchscreens and displays, making it suitable for devices that are subject to frequent handling and potential drops.

Durability generally refers to the ability of an object, material, or system to withstand wear, pressure, or damage. It is a measure of how long something can last under specific conditions without significant deterioration or failure. The concept of durability can apply across various fields, including: 1. **Materials Science**: In materials science, durability is concerned with how materials resist environmental factors like moisture, temperature changes, chemical exposure, and physical forces.

Dynamic strain aging (DSA) is a phenomenon observed in certain metals and alloys, particularly at elevated temperatures and under specific strain rates. It refers to the changes in mechanical behavior that occur as a result of interactions between dislocations (line defects in the crystal structure of materials) and solute atoms or other obstacles within the material.

Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) is an analytical technique used to study the moisture and vapor sorption characteristics of materials, particularly solids like powders, films, and porous materials. It involves exposing a sample to a controlled atmosphere of varying humidity or vapor concentration over time while continuously measuring the mass change of the sample.

Dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) is a theoretical framework used to study strongly correlated electron systems, particularly in the context of condensed matter physics. It is especially useful for understanding phenomena in materials where the interactions between electrons are strong and cannot be treated perturbatively. ### Key Features of DMFT: 1. **Strong Correlation Effects**: In materials with strong electron-electron interactions, many-body effects are significant.

Elastic Recoil Detection (ERD) is a nuclear analytical technique used primarily for the analysis of thin films and surface layers of materials. In this method, high-energy ions (like protons or alpha particles) are directed at a target sample. When these ions collide with the nuclei of atoms in the sample, some of the target atoms can be recoiled out of the sample due to the elastic scattering process.

Electroceramics are a class of ceramic materials that exhibit significant electrical properties, making them useful for various electronic applications. These materials combine the mechanical strength and stability typical of ceramics with desirable electrical characteristics such as conductivity, dielectric properties, ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and ferrimagnetism.

Electromaterials is a field of study that focuses on materials that have electrical and magnetic properties suitable for various applications. This area encompasses a wide range of topics, including the design, synthesis, manipulation, and characterization of materials that can conduct electricity, exhibit ferromagnetism, or demonstrate specific electromagnetic behaviors. Key aspects of electromaterials include: 1. **Conductive Materials**: These include metals, conductive polymers, and composites that can carry electrical current.