Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of living organisms, both plants and animals, across different regions of the world and the factors that influence these distributions. It combines aspects of biology, ecology, geography, and geology to understand how species and ecosystems are distributed in space and time. Key aspects of biogeography include: 1. **Species Distribution**: Understanding where different species are found and the ecological and evolutionary reasons behind these patterns.
The Black Sea undersea river is a unique underwater feature located in the Black Sea that is characterized by the presence of a submerged river system. It was first discovered in the late 1990s and is notable for its distinct characteristics, including a significant flow of freshwater and sediment being transported on the seabed, resembling a river. This underwater river is formed by dense, cold water that flows along the seafloor, creating a river-like channel as it moves.
Darwin Mounds is a significant underwater feature located in the North Atlantic Ocean, specifically in the UK’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). It is classified as a deep-sea coral reef and is part of a larger area known for its biodiversity and unique geological formations. The mounds are composed primarily of cold-water corals, particularly species such as Lophelia pertusa, and are known for hosting a variety of marine life, including various fish species and invertebrates.
The density ratio typically refers to the ratio of two densities. In different contexts, it can have specific meanings. Here are a few interpretations: 1. **Physics and Engineering**: In fluids or gases, the density ratio might refer to the ratio of the density of one substance to that of another. For example, when comparing the density of a gas at different temperatures or pressures, the density ratio can help understand how changes in conditions affect the gas.
Double diffusive convection is a physical phenomenon that occurs in fluid systems when two different solutes or properties (such as temperature and concentration) are present, leading to buoyancy-driven flow due to the combined effects of thermal and solutal (concentration-related) gradients. This type of convection is particularly relevant in scenarios where light and heavy solutes or varying temperatures influence the fluid's density differently.
José Luis Sérsic was an Argentine astrophysicist and astronomer known for his significant contributions to the study of galaxies. He is best known for developing the Sérsic law, which describes how the surface brightness of elliptical galaxies and bulges of spiral galaxies varies with distance from their centers. The Sérsic law generalizes the de Vaucouleurs profile and provides a more accurate representation of the light profiles of various types of galaxies.
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climate pattern that describes the periodic fluctuations in sea surface temperatures and atmospheric conditions in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. ENSO has three phases: 1. **El Niño**: This phase is characterized by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific. It tends to occur every 2 to 7 years and can last several months to a couple of years.
Eratosthenes Seamount is an underwater mountain located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Cyprus. It is named after the ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer Eratosthenes, who is known for calculating the Earth's circumference. The seamount is part of the Eratosthenes Plateau, which is a large geological structure characterized by its complex geological history and unique bathymetry.
The European Conference on Underwater Acoustics (ECUA) is a significant scientific conference focused on the field of underwater acoustics and its various applications. It serves as a platform for researchers, engineers, and practitioners from around the world to discuss the latest developments, research findings, technologies, and methodologies related to underwater acoustics.
The Miles-Phillips mechanism refers to a specific process in the field of materials science, particularly concerning the fracture and failure of materials. It is named after researchers Miles and Phillips, who studied the way cracks propagate in brittle materials. The mechanism is notable for its focus on the influence of microstructural features on the fracture behavior of materials.
The Milwaukee Deep is a significant underwater feature located in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, specifically within the Caribbean Sea. It is part of the Puerto Rico Trench, which is the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean and extends northeast of Puerto Rico. The Milwaukee Deep reaches depths of around 8,380 meters (approximately 27,493 feet), making it one of the deepest parts of the Atlantic Ocean.
The mixed layer is a concept in oceanography and atmospheric science that refers to a layer of water or air where properties like temperature, salinity, and density are relatively uniform due to mixing processes. This layer is particularly important in the study of ocean dynamics, climate, and weather patterns. ### In the Ocean In oceanography, the mixed layer is the upper layer of the ocean that is well-mixed by wind, waves, and currents.
Monterey Canyon is a prominent underwater canyon located off the coast of central California, near the city of Monterey. It is one of the largest marine canyons on the North American continental shelf and extends approximately 95 miles (153 kilometers) in length and up to 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in depth. The canyon is part of the larger Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.
In oceanography, "mooring" refers to the process of anchoring a floating platform, buoy, or other oceanographic instruments to the seabed to maintain their position in the water column. Moorings are typically equipped with various sensors and devices for collecting data on oceanographic parameters such as temperature, salinity, currents, and wave heights. A mooring system generally consists of several components: 1. **Anchor**: A weight placed on the seabed to hold the mooring in place.
Wind-wave dissipation refers to the process by which energy from wind-generated waves is lost due to various physical mechanisms. When waves are generated by wind, they carry energy across the surface of the water. However, this energy does not remain indefinitely; it dissipates over time and distance due to several factors, including: 1. **Frictional Losses**: As waves move through the water, they encounter friction against the water surface and the seabed, resulting in energy loss.
Wind-generated current refers to the flow of water in oceans, seas, or other bodies of water that is influenced by wind. This phenomenon arises primarily from the interaction between wind and the water's surface. The following are key components that explain how wind generates currents: 1. **Wind Shear**: The wind exerts friction on the surface of the water as it blows across it. This friction can transfer energy from the wind to the water, creating surface currents.
Shams al-Din al-Khafri is not a widely recognized figure in common historical or scholarly references, so it may be a more obscure name or could refer to someone from a specific cultural or regional context. On the other hand, "Shams al-Din" is a name that has been used by various historical figures in Islamic history, often as a title meaning "Sun of the Faith," typically associated with scholars, poets, or notable figures in Islamic culture.
"Astronomers from Austria-Hungary" refers to astronomers and scientists who were active in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a central European empire that existed from 1867 to 1918. The empire included regions that are now parts of modern-day Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, and others.
Hydrothermal circulation refers to the movement of water that is heated by geological processes within the Earth's crust, particularly in areas of volcanic activity or along mid-ocean ridges. This process plays a crucial role in the thermal and chemical dynamics of the Earth's crust and ocean floor. Here's how hydrothermal circulation typically works: 1. **Heat Source**: The circulation is usually driven by heat from magma or hot rocks below the Earth's surface. This heat causes water in the surrounding rock to become heated.
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is an innovative aquaculture production system that combines different species from various trophic levels in a single farming system. The main idea behind IMTA is to utilize the waste products generated by one species as a resource for another, thereby creating a more sustainable and efficient aquaculture practice.