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Viability PCR (v-PCR) is a molecular biology technique used to differentiate live cells from dead cells in a sample, particularly in microbial analysis. This method leverages the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify genetic material from viable organisms while selectively excluding the genetic material from non-viable (dead) cells.

Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) is a spectroscopic technique that measures the difference in the absorption of left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light by chiral molecules. It is particularly useful for studying the chiral properties of molecules, which is important in fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology, where the 3D structure and its chiral configuration can significantly impact the behavior and interactions of molecular species.

Viral transformation refers to the process by which a virus alters the biological properties of a host cell, leading to changes in cell behavior, growth, and function. This phenomenon is particularly significant in the context of certain viruses that can induce oncogenesis, the process by which normal cells become cancerous. Key aspects of viral transformation include: 1. **Oncogenic Viruses**: Some viruses, known as oncogenic or tumor viruses, can insert their genetic material into the host cell's genome.

Zinc finger protein 208 (ZFP208) is a member of the zinc finger protein family, which is characterized by the presence of zinc finger motifs. These motifs typically help bind zinc ions and play critical roles in various biological processes, including DNA binding, transcriptional regulation, and protein-protein interactions. ZFP208 is known to be involved in gene regulation and may act as a transcription factor. It is implicated in various cellular processes, including development and differentiation.

Zinc finger protein 226 (ZNF226) is a member of the zinc finger protein family, which is characterized by the presence of zinc-finger motifs. These motifs enable the proteins to bind to DNA, RNA, or other proteins, playing a critical role in various biological processes, including transcription regulation, DNA repair, cell differentiation, and development. ZNF226, like other zinc finger proteins, is believed to function as a transcription factor, helping to regulate the expression of specific genes.

Zinc finger protein 395 (ZNF395) is a member of the zinc finger protein family, which is characterized by the presence of zinc finger motifs. These motifs enable the proteins to bind to DNA, RNA, or other proteins, playing crucial roles in various biological processes, including gene regulation, signal transduction, and cellular development. ZNF395, like other zinc finger proteins, is believed to be involved in the regulation of gene expression.

Zinc finger protein 426 (ZNF426) is a type of protein that belongs to the family of zinc finger proteins, which are characterized by the presence of zinc finger motifs. These motifs are structural domains that stabilize the protein structure through coordination with zinc ions, typically consisting of cysteine and histidine residues. Zinc finger proteins are often involved in DNA binding, protein-protein interactions, and regulatory functions in various cellular processes.

Zinc finger protein 557 (ZNF557) is a member of the zinc finger protein family, which is characterized by the presence of zinc finger motifs that facilitate protein-DNA interactions. These proteins play essential roles in various cellular processes, including transcription regulation, chromatin remodeling, and DNA repair. ZNF557 is specifically involved in cellular functions that are often linked to the regulation of gene expression.

1981 Software is a term that can refer to various contexts, but it commonly relates to software developed or popularized in the year 1981. One noteworthy aspect of this year in software history is the release of the IBM PC, which had a significant impact on the personal computing landscape. The introduction of the IBM PC brought along operating systems like PC-DOS (and MS-DOS) and various applications that would shape the future of computing.

The RNA Integrity Number (RIN) is a metric used to assess the quality and integrity of RNA samples, particularly in molecular biology and genomics. It provides a quantitative measure of RNA degradation, which is crucial for ensuring reliable results in downstream applications such as quantitative PCR (qPCR), microarray analysis, and RNA sequencing. The RIN ranges from 1 to 10, where: - **10** indicates intact RNA with no degradation, - **1** indicates highly degraded RNA.

The term "radial spoke" can refer to different contexts depending on the field you are looking into. Here are a few common interpretations: 1. **Bicycles and Wheels**: In the context of bicycles and wheels, radial spokes are the spokes that are positioned directly from the hub (the central part of the wheel) outwards to the rim. This arrangement is designed to provide strength and stability to the wheel, ensuring it can withstand the forces experienced during use.

Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) is a molecular biology technique used to amplify the ends of a specific RNA molecule to obtain full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences. This technique is particularly useful for identifying the 5' and 3' ends of mRNA transcripts, which can be important for understanding gene expression, alternative splicing, and RNA processing.

Rare-cutter enzymes, also known as rare-cutting restriction enzymes or rare-cutting endonucleases, are a type of restriction enzyme that recognize specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA at sites that are relatively spaced apart from each other. Unlike common restriction enzymes that typically generate blunt or sticky ends by cutting within or near the recognition site, rare-cutters usually leave longer uncut DNA sequences between their cut sites.

A reading frame is a way to divide a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA into consecutive, non-overlapping triplets, known as codons. The reading frame determines how the sequence is translated into amino acids during protein synthesis. Because the genetic code is read in sets of three nucleotides, a shift in the reading frame can lead to completely different translations of the same nucleotide sequence.

RecBCD is a multi-functional enzyme complex found in bacteria, primarily Escherichia coli (E. coli), that plays a crucial role in DNA repair and homologous recombination. The RecBCD complex is involved in the processing of double-strand breaks in DNA, which can occur due to various damaging agents, including radiation, chemicals, or normal cellular processes. The enzyme is composed of three subunits: RecB, RecC, and RecD.

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is a form of artificial DNA created by combining sequences from two or more different sources. This process typically involves isolating a gene or a sequence of interest from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism or into a plasmid (a small circular DNA molecule commonly found in bacteria). The goal is to produce a DNA molecule that is stable and capable of being replicated and expressed in a host cell.

Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) is a nucleic acid amplification technique that enables the rapid and effective amplification of DNA, RNA, or other nucleic acids at a relatively low temperature, typically around 37–42°C. This method offers several advantages, such as simplicity, speed, and isothermal conditions, making it suitable for point-of-care testing and field applications.

Rotavirus translation refers to the process by which the messenger RNA (mRNA) of the rotavirus is translated into proteins within a host cell. Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus that primarily causes gastrointestinal infections, especially in children. Here's an overview of the translation process for rotavirus: 1. **Virus Entry**: Rotavirus enters host cells, often intestinal epithelial cells, where it releases its segmented RNA genome into the cytoplasm.

The SABIO-Reaction Kinetics Database is a comprehensive database that provides detailed information about reaction kinetics, including rate constants, reaction mechanisms, and experimental conditions for various chemical reactions. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers in chemistry, biochemistry, and related fields by collecting and curating data from scientific literature.

1983 Software is a video game development company established by former members of Atari, known for creating games primarily for the Atari 2600 and early home computers. The company was formed by key figures in the gaming industry and aimed to focus on producing quality software and games. One of the notable releases from 1983 Software is "H.E.R.O.," a popular action-adventure game that allows players to control a helicopter rescue operator in various challenging environments.