A hyper-heuristic is a high-level algorithm designed to select or generate heuristic algorithms to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Unlike traditional heuristics, which are problem-specific techniques that provide quick and approximate solutions, hyper-heuristics operate at a higher level of abstraction. Here are some key points about hyper-heuristics: 1. **Meta-Level Search**: Hyper-heuristics search through a space of heuristics (or heuristic components) rather than the solution space of the problem itself.
The Meissel–Mertens constant, often denoted as \( M \), is a mathematical constant that arises in number theory, particularly in the study of prime numbers and the distribution of primes.
Kaidā glyphs are a fictional writing system used in the fantasy series "The Broken Earth" by N.K. Jemisin. The series, which includes the novels "The Fifth Season," "The Obelisk Gate," and "The Stone Sky," explores themes of oppression, resilience, and the environment, among others. The Kaidā glyphs are part of the intricate world-building in Jemisin's books, reflecting the culture and complexity of the societies she has created.
Penrose graphical notation, also known as Penrose diagrams or Penrose notation, is a diagrammatic method used to represent mathematical expressions, particularly in the context of tensors and higher-dimensional algebra. This notation was developed by the mathematician and physicist Roger Penrose and serves as a useful visualization technique in various fields, such as theoretical physics, mathematical physics, and computer science.
Mesoscopic physics is a branch of condensed matter physics that studies systems whose size is on the order of the mean free path of electrons, typically ranging from a few nanometers to a few micrometers. At this scale, materials exhibit unique properties that differ significantly from those of bulk materials and from individual atoms or molecules. Key features and concepts in mesoscopic physics include: 1. **Quantum Coherence**: In mesoscopic systems, quantum effects become significant, and electrons can exhibit wave-like behavior.
Mathematics writers are individuals who specialize in writing about mathematical concepts, theories, problems, and applications. These writers can come from various backgrounds, including professional mathematicians, educators, researchers, or science communicators. Their work may involve creating educational materials, textbooks, research papers, articles, blog posts, or popular science books that make mathematical ideas accessible to a wider audience.
The Gelfond–Schneider constant is a mathematical constant denoted by \( e^{\sqrt{2}} \). It is named after the mathematicians Aleksandr Gelfond and Reinhold Schneider, who proved its transcendental nature.
The Komornik–Loreti constant, denoted as \(C\), is a mathematical constant that arises in the context of number theory and dynamical systems. It is defined as the unique positive root of the polynomial equation: \[ x^2 = 2^{\beta} x + 1 \] where \(\beta\) is a specific parameter, typically equal to \(\log_2(3)\).
The Landau–Ramanujan constant, usually denoted as \( g \), is a mathematical constant that arises in the context of the theory of numbers, particularly in relation to the asymptotic density of square-free integers. It is named after mathematicians Edmund Landau and Srinivasa Ramanujan.
Abuse of notation refers to the intentional use of a symbol or notation in a way that may not strictly adhere to its formal definition but is commonly understood within a specific context or mathematical community. This practice can facilitate communication and streamline expressions, although it may introduce ambiguity or confusion if the context is not clearly established.
"Haidao Suanjing" (海岛算经), typically translated as "The Island Calculation Manual" or "Mathematical Treatise on Islands," is a historical Chinese mathematical text. It is attributed to the mathematician Liu Hui during the third century and is part of the broader tradition of ancient Chinese mathematics. The text primarily deals with problems in geometry and is known for its use of practical problems, particularly in relation to surveying and land measurement.
Hrvoje Petek is a notable physicist, particularly recognized for his work in the fields of experimental condensed matter physics and materials science. He has made significant contributions to the understanding of the electronic properties of materials, particularly using techniques such as laser spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Throughout his career, Petek has been involved in researching topics such as ultrafast phenomena in solids and the development of novel materials with unique properties.
S. Pancharatnam (often referred to as S. Pancharatnam) was a renowned Indian physicist known for his significant contributions to the field of optics and photonics. He was active in the mid-20th century and is particularly celebrated for his work on polarization and the Pancharatnam phase — a concept that describes the geometric phase acquired by a light wave as it is reflected or refracted.
Giulio Casati is an Italian mathematician and physicist known for his work in various fields, particularly in statistical mechanics and the theory of complex systems. He has contributed to the understanding of complex dynamics and the statistical properties of systems with many interacting components.