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Here is a list of some notable star systems located approximately 20 to 25 light-years away from Earth: 1. **Gliese 581** - Located about 20.3 light-years away, this system has several exoplanets, including Gliese 581g, which is in the habitable zone. 2. **Gliese 667** - Approximately 22 light-years away, this system has multiple planets, including some in the habitable zone.

Coalescent theory is a model in population genetics that describes the genetic ancestry of alleles in a population over time. It provides a framework for understanding the genealogical relationships between individuals based on their genetic material and how these relationships have evolved in response to population processes such as reproduction, selection, mutation, migration, and genetic drift.

The "common disease-common variant" (CDCV) hypothesis is a genetic concept that suggests that common diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain psychiatric disorders, are predominantly caused by common genetic variants in the population. According to this hypothesis, these diseases arise from the cumulative effects of many variants that are relatively frequent in the population, rather than from rare mutations or variants.

Cryptic relatedness refers to the situation in which individuals or organisms that appear to be distinct or unrelated (often due to differences in physical appearance or behavior) are, in fact, closely related at a genetic level. This phenomenon is often observed in the fields of evolutionary biology, conservation biology, and taxonomy.

Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) refers to a specific type of quantitative trait locus that is associated with the variation in gene expression levels. An eQTL is a region of the genome that explains a significant portion of the variation in the expression of one or multiple genes. This relationship is typically revealed through genetic mapping studies where researchers correlate specific genetic variants, often single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with the expression levels of genes.

Extinction probability refers to the likelihood that a species or population will become extinct over a given time period. It is a critical concept in conservation biology, ecology, and population dynamics, as it helps researchers and conservationists understand the risks facing a species and the factors that contribute to its survival or decline.

Family-based QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) mapping is a genetic approach used to identify and locate the genes that contribute to quantitative traits—phenotypic characteristics that vary in degree and can be influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. QTL mapping aims to establish a statistical relationship between observed traits and genetic markers. In family-based QTL mapping, the focus is typically on utilizing family structures such as pedigrees or related individuals (e.g.

The Fleming-Viot process is a type of stochastic process that is used to model the evolution of genetic diversity in a population over time. It is particularly relevant in the fields of population genetics and mathematical biology. The process incorporates ideas from both diffusion processes and the theory of random measures, making it a powerful tool to study how genetic traits spread and how populations evolve.

Alinaghi Khamoushi is an Iranian political figure known for his involvement in the political landscape of Iran, particularly during the post-revolutionary period. He has been associated with various reformist movements and has held positions in the Iranian government and political institutions.

Landau theory, often referred to as Landau's theory of phase transitions, is a framework developed by the Soviet physicist Lev Landau in the early 20th century to describe phase transitions in physical systems. It provides a mathematical formalism for understanding how a system changes from one phase to another, typically as a function of temperature or other external parameters.

The Langevin equation is a stochastic differential equation that describes the evolution of a system influenced by both deterministic and random forces. It is commonly used in statistical mechanics, classical mechanics, and various fields like physics and chemistry to model systems that exhibit Brownian motion and other forms of stochastic behavior.

The Laplace principle, also known in the context of large deviations theory, provides a way to understand the asymptotic behavior of probability measures for large samples. It typically focuses on the probability of deviations of random variables from their expected values.

The Lieb–Liniger model is a theoretical framework used in condensed matter physics and quantum mechanics to describe a one-dimensional system of interacting particles. Specifically, it focuses on a system of bosons or fermions that interact via a delta-function potential.

The Lifson–Roig model is a theoretical framework used to describe the dynamics of polymer chains, particularly in the context of statistical mechanics and polymer physics. Developed by the physicists I. Lifson and M. Roig in the 1960s, the model provides insights into the behavior of flexible polymers or polypeptides in solution, focusing on aspects such as chain conformation and interactions.

Here is a list of notable textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics that are widely used in academia: ### Classical Thermodynamics 1. **"Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach" by Yunus Çengel and Michael Boles** - This book focuses on thermodynamics principles with an engineering application perspective. 2. **"Fundamentals of Thermodynamics" by Richard E. Sonntag, Claus Borgnakke, and Gordon J.

In mathematics, particularly in the field of topology and analysis, "local time" refers to a concept that describes the time evolution of a stochastic process, especially in the context of Brownian motion and other random processes. Local time helps to quantify how often a process visits a particular state or value over time. For instance, in the context of Brownian motion, local time can be viewed as a way to record the "amount of time" the Brownian motion spends at a particular level.

In mathematical physics, particularly in the context of quantum field theory and string theory, a "loop integral" refers to an integral over a loop in momentum space, which arises when calculating certain types of Feynman diagrams during the process of evaluating quantum amplitudes. ### Key Points about Loop Integrals: 1. **Feynman Diagrams**: Loop integrals occur in Feynman diagrams that contain loops, indicating virtual particles that propagate between interactions.

Quantum finance is an emerging interdisciplinary field that applies principles and methods from quantum mechanics to financial modeling and analysis. It seeks to address complex problems in finance, such as pricing derivatives, risk management, portfolio optimization, and algorithmic trading, by taking advantage of quantum computing's capabilities.

Quantum phase transition refers to a fundamental change in the state of matter that occurs at absolute zero temperature (0 K) due to quantum mechanical effects rather than thermal fluctuations, which are more common in classical phase transitions. Unlike classical phase transitions, which occur as a system is heated or cooled and are often driven by changes in temperature and pressure (like the melting of ice to water), quantum phase transitions are induced by changes in external parameters such as magnetic fields, pressure, or chemical composition.

A Trigram tagger is a type of statistical part-of-speech (POS) tagging model that uses the context of words to determine the most probable grammatical tag for a given word based on the tags of the surrounding words. In this model, the term "trigram" refers to the use of sequences of three items—in this case, tags.