The De Morgan Medals are prestigious awards given by the London Mathematical Society (LMS) in recognition of outstanding contributions to mathematics. Named after the mathematician August De Morgan, the medals are awarded to individuals for their significant achievements in mathematical research. Since their introduction, these medals have celebrated mathematicians who have made lasting impacts in various areas of mathematics, including pure and applied mathematics.
Planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature. Formulated by Max Planck in 1900, it provides a theoretical foundation for understanding black body radiation. The law states that the intensity of radiation emitted at a specific wavelength is proportional to the wavelength and depends on the temperature of the black body.
Population inversion is a key concept in the field of physics and particularly in laser technology. It refers to a condition in a system of atoms, molecules, or particles where more members of the system occupy higher energy states than lower ones. This is contrary to the normal situation at thermal equilibrium, where more particles typically reside in the lower energy states according to the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
The Widom insertion method is a technique used in statistical mechanics and computational chemistry to calculate the chemical potential of a system, particularly in the context of molecular simulations. The method is named after B. Widom, who introduced it in the early 1970s.
A language model is a type of statistical or computational model that is designed to understand, generate, and analyze human language. It does this by predicting the probability of a sequence of words or characters. Language models have a variety of applications, including natural language processing (NLP), machine translation, speech recognition, and text generation.
The Sinkov statistic is a statistical measure used primarily in the field of quality control and process improvement. It was developed by A. J. Sinkov and is particularly useful for analyzing the effectiveness of inspection and testing processes. The Sinkov statistic helps in assessing the probability of falsely accepting defective items and provides a way to quantify the reliability of an inspection system.
Topic modeling is a type of statistical modeling used in natural language processing (NLP) to discover abstract topics that occur in a collection of documents. The primary goal is to identify the hidden thematic structure within a large set of text. Topic models help in organizing, understanding, and summarizing large datasets of textual information by grouping together words that frequently appear together.
Barb Audiences refers to a service provided by the UK’s Broadcasters' Audience Research Board (BARB), which measures and reports audience viewing figures for television and video content in the United Kingdom. The BARB Audiences platform provides insights into who is watching what, where, and when, offering detailed analytics for broadcasters, advertisers, and content producers.
The Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) is an organization in the United Kingdom that collects, analyzes, and disseminates data related to higher education. Established in 1993, HESA serves as the primary source of statistical information for universities and higher education providers in the UK, providing insights into various aspects of higher education, including student enrollment, demographic trends, graduate outcomes, and institutional performance.
Elias Sports Bureau is a company that serves as a statistical and research agency for professional sports in the United States and other countries. Founded in 1913, it is widely recognized for its expertise in compiling, analyzing, and maintaining records for various sports, including baseball, basketball, football, hockey, and more. Elias is often consulted by media outlets, teams, and leagues for accurate statistics and historical data, making it a key resource for sports journalism and broadcasting.
The term "stochastic parrot" is often used in discussions about large language models (LLMs) like GPT-3 and others. It originated from a critique presented in a paper by researchers including Emily Bender, where they expressed concerns about the nature and impact of such models. The phrase captures the idea that these models generate text based on statistical patterns learned from vast amounts of data, rather than understanding the content in a human-like way.
The National Statistical Commission (NSC) is an institution in India that serves as the apex body for the development and coordination of the statistical system in the country. Established in 2005, its primary objective is to enhance the quality, reliability, and dissemination of official statistics, thus ensuring that data collected and provided by various government agencies is accurate and useful for policymaking and planning. The commission's key functions include: 1. **Formulating policies and guidelines** for statistical activities in the country.
Mu Sigma Rho is a national honor society for students in the fields of statistics and related disciplines, such as mathematics and data science. Established in the United States, it aims to promote academic excellence and foster relationships among students who are passionate about statistical science. The organization recognizes outstanding students who have demonstrated exceptional performance in their academic pursuits and encourages collaboration and networking opportunities within the field.
Cytel, founded in 1987, is a global statistical consulting company that specializes in the application of advanced statistical methods and software for the pharmaceutical and biotech industries. Their focus is primarily on helping organizations design and analyze clinical trials, ensuring that the methodologies employed are both rigorous and compliant with regulatory standards. Cytel is well-known for its software products, such as East, a statistical software for designing and analyzing clinical trials, and StatXact, which provides nonparametric statistical analysis.
Tidningsstatistik AB is a Swedish company that provides statistics and data analysis for the publishing industry, particularly focusing on newspapers and magazines. It offers services related to audience measurement, circulation data, and advertising effectiveness to help media organizations and advertisers make informed decisions. The company plays a critical role in the Swedish media landscape by supplying reliable data that supports the business operations of various publications and helps them understand market trends.
The Italian Society of Economics, Demography, and Statistics (Società Italiana di Economia, Demografia e Statistica, or SIEDS) is a professional organization in Italy dedicated to the fields of economics, demography, and statistics. It serves as a platform for researchers, academics, and practitioners to share knowledge, research findings, and developments in these disciplines.
The Journal of Statistical Software (JSS) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes articles related to statistical software and computational methods in statistics. Established in 1996, it focuses on the development, implementation, and applications of statistical software, providing a platform for researchers and practitioners to share their work. The journal covers a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: - Software for statistical analysis and methodologies. - Algorithms and techniques for statistical computing.
"Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology" refers to the use of statistical methods and models to analyze data generated from genetic and molecular biology research. This field combines principles from statistics, genetics, and bioinformatics to address various research questions and challenges in understanding biological processes at the molecular level.
Nimslo is a brand associated with a specific type of 3D camera, which was introduced in the late 1970s. The Nimslo camera is designed to take 3D photographs using a unique technique involving multiple lenses and special film. It captures two separate images of the same scene from slightly different angles, simulating human binocular vision.