Children: Scattering
Engineering diffraction refers to the study and application of the diffraction of waves, particularly in the context of engineering and technology. Diffraction is a phenomenon that occurs when waves encounter obstacles or openings, causing the waves to bend or spread out. This concept is important in various fields, including optics, acoustics, and telecommunications, where understanding diffraction can lead to improved designs, functionality, and performance of systems.
FUTBOLIN is a modern tabletop game that combines elements of soccer (football) and foosball (table football). It is generally played on a small table where players control miniature soccer players attached to rods, allowing them to pass, shoot, and defend within the confines of the table. The objective is to score goals against the opponent's team while managing the positioning and strategy of one's own players.
Fano resonance is a phenomenon that occurs in quantum systems and is characterized by an interference effect between a discrete quantum state and a continuum of states. It arises in various fields, including atomic, molecular, and condensed matter physics, as well as in optics and photonics. The Fano resonance is named after the Italian physicist Ugo Fano, who introduced the concept in the 1960s.
GANs, or Generative Adversarial Networks, are a class of machine learning frameworks introduced by Ian Goodfellow and his colleagues in 2014. The fundamental idea behind GANs is to set up a game between two models: a generator and a discriminator. 1. **Generator**: This model generates new data instances. It takes random noise as input and tries to produce data that mimics the actual distribution of the training data.
Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering (GISAS) is a powerful experimental technique primarily used in materials science, physics, and biophysics to study thin films, nanostructures, and surfaces. It combines aspects of small-angle scattering (SAS) and grazing incidence techniques to provide valuable information about the structural properties of materials at the nanoscale.
High-frequency approximation refers to a method or approach used in various fields, such as physics, engineering, and applied mathematics, to simplify the analysis of systems or phenomena that exhibit high-frequency behavior. The core idea is to make approximations that become valid when the frequency of interest is much larger than certain characteristic frequencies of the system.
An inelastic collision is a type of collision in which the total kinetic energy of the system is not conserved, although the total momentum is conserved. Inelastic collisions occur when two objects collide and become deformed, stick together, or otherwise interact in a way that some of the kinetic energy is transformed into other forms of energy, such as heat, sound, or internal energy. In perfectly inelastic collisions, the colliding objects stick together after the collision and move as a single entity.
Ionized impurity scattering is a phenomenon that occurs in semiconductors and other materials where charge carriers (such as electrons and holes) interact with charged impurities present in the material. These charged impurities can be intentionally introduced (as dopants) or can be present as defects in the crystal lattice. ### Mechanism When a charge carrier moves through a semiconductor, it can experience a scattering event due to the electric fields generated by these ionized impurities.
The Klein–Nishina formula describes the differential cross-section for the scattering of photons (such as X-rays or gamma rays) by free electrons. It is a crucial result in quantum electrodynamics and is derived from the principles of quantum mechanics and special relativity. The formula takes into account the relativistic effects and the quantum nature of both the photons and electrons, and it provides the probability of scattering at a given angle.
Lambert's cosine law, also known as Lambert's law of illumination, describes how the intensity of light (or radiation) received from a surface changes with the angle of incidence relative to the surface normals. According to this law, the illuminance (or intensity of light) on a surface is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle between the surface normal and the direction of the light source.
Lattice scattering refers to the phenomenon where a particle, such as an electron or phonon, interacts with the regular periodic structure of a crystal lattice. This process is crucial in solid-state physics and materials science because it affects various properties of materials, including electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and the behavior of electrons in semiconductors. In more detail, in a crystalline solid, atoms are arranged in a repetitive pattern, forming a lattice.
The Lippmann–Schwinger equation is a fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that describes the scattering of particles. It is derived from the principles of quantum mechanics and is particularly useful in dealing with interactions in quantum systems. The equation can be expressed in two forms: the "in" and "out" formulations, corresponding to the incoming and outgoing states of the particles involved in scattering.
Low-angle laser light scattering (LALLS) is a technique used primarily to characterize the size and distribution of particles, molecules, or macromolecular substances in a solution or suspension. LALLS measures the intensity of light scattered by particles when illuminated by a laser beam at low scattering angles, typically less than 5 degrees from the incident beam direction.
The method of continued fractions is a mathematical technique used to represent real numbers as an infinite sequence of fractions, which can be particularly useful in various areas such as number theory, approximation theory, and numerical analysis.
Mott scattering refers to a phenomenon observed in the scattering of charged particles, particularly electrons, by nuclei or other charged particles. Named after the physicist Neil Mott, this scattering process is notable for being a quantum mechanical interaction that can reveal important information about the internal structure of the target particles. In Mott scattering, an incident charged particle (like an electron) interacts electrostatically with the electric field of a charged target particle (such as an atomic nucleus).
Multi-Configuration Time-Dependent Hartree (MCTDH) is an advanced computational method used in quantum mechanics, particularly for studying the dynamics of quantum many-body systems. It is an extension of the time-dependent Hartree and Hartree-Fock methods, designed to handle large systems where individual particles exhibit complex interactions.
A neutron moisture gauge is an instrument used to measure the moisture content in soil, concrete, and other materials. It operates based on the principles of nuclear physics, specifically by utilizing low-energy neutrons to interact with hydrogen atoms found in water. ### How It Works: 1. **Source of Neutrons**: The gauge contains a radioactive source, typically americium-beryllium, that emits neutrons.
Neutron scattering is a powerful experimental technique used to probe the structure and dynamics of materials at the atomic or molecular level. It involves the scattering of neutrons, which are neutral elementary particles found in the nucleus of atoms. Due to their neutral charge and relatively high mass, neutrons can penetrate deep into matter without causing significant damage, making them ideal for studying a wide variety of materials, including solids, liquids, gases, and complex biological systems.
Non-linear inverse Compton scattering (NICS) refers to a physical process in which photons gain energy through collisions with charged particles, typically electrons. This is an extension of the more familiar linear inverse Compton scattering, where a low-energy photon is scattered by a relativistic electron, resulting in a higher-energy photon. In the linear case, the energy increase of the photon is directly proportional to the initial energy of the photon and depends on the relative energies and angles of the incoming photon and electron.
Nuclear cross section is a fundamental concept in nuclear physics and particle physics that quantifies the likelihood of a specific interaction (or scattering event) occurring between particles, such as a neutron and a nucleus or between two nuclei. It is essentially a measure of the probability of an interaction taking place and is expressed in units of area, typically in barns (1 barn = \(10^{-24}\) cm²).