Enantiopure drugs refer to pharmaceutical compounds that consist almost entirely of one enantiomer, which is a type of stereoisomer that is a non-superimposable mirror image of another. Many drugs can exist in multiple enantiomeric forms—usually as a pair of enantiomers known as enantiomers (R and S configurations).
Isomerism is a phenomenon in chemistry where two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms. This results in distinct physical and chemical properties among the isomers. Isomers can be categorized into two main types: 1. **Structural Isomers (or Constitutional Isomers)**: These isomers differ in the connectivity of their atoms. There are several subtypes, including: - **Chain Isomerism**: Different arrangements of the carbon skeleton (e.g.
Racemic mixtures are a type of chemical mixture that contains equal amounts of two enantiomers of a chiral compound. Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror images of each other but cannot be superimposed, much like left and right hands.
"Stereochemistry stubs" likely refers to a brief or incomplete representation of stereochemical information within a broader context, such as in a database, educational materials, or academic articles. In chemistry, stereochemistry involves the study of the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules and how this arrangement affects their chemical properties and reactivity. A "stub" could imply that the information provided is not fully developed or lacks completeness.
Stereochemists are chemists who specialize in the study of stereochemistry, which is a branch of chemistry that focuses on the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules and the effects of this arrangement on the chemical properties and reactivity of the substances. Stereochemistry is critical for understanding isomerism, where molecules with the same molecular formula can have different structural or spatial arrangements and thus exhibit different chemical behavior.
Absolute configuration refers to the specific three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a chiral molecule, denoted by terms such as R (rectus) and S (sinister) based on the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules. These designations provide an unambiguous way to describe the orientation of substituents around a chiral center.
Akamptisomer is a term that isn't commonly found in scientific literature, and it may not refer to a well-established concept within chemistry or biology. However, it appears to be derived from a combination of Greek roots, where "akampte" means "curved" or "bent," typically relating to structural geometry in molecules.
Allylic strain refers to the steric and electronic interactions that occur in allylic systems, where substituents are located on adjacent carbon atoms in a double bond configuration or where there is a single carbon-carbon bond adjacent to a double bond. This strain arises mainly from the positioning of substituents at the allylic positions, which can lead to increased steric hindrance and torsional strain.
In carbohydrate chemistry, an anomer is a specific type of stereoisomer known as an epimer that differs in configuration at the anomeric carbon atom. The anomeric carbon is the carbon that was the carbonyl carbon (aldehyde or ketone) in the open-chain form of the sugar. When a sugar cyclizes to form a ring, the carbonyl carbon becomes a chiral center, and the two possible configurations at this carbon lead to two different anomers.
"Antarafacial" and "suprafacial" are terms primarily used in the context of facial treatments and skin care, often relating to techniques involving dermal layers during procedures or analyses. 1. **Antarafacial**: This term typically refers to treatments or techniques that target deeper layers of the skin, such as the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
An **asymmetric carbon atom** (also known as a chiral carbon atom) is a carbon atom that has four different substituents or groups attached to it. This arrangement leads to two non-superimposable mirror images, known as enantiomers. Asymmetric carbons are important in the field of stereochemistry, a sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules.
Asymmetric induction is a concept in organic chemistry, particularly in the field of stereochemistry, that refers to methods that lead to the preferential formation of one enantiomer over another in a chemical reaction. This is especially important in the synthesis of chiral molecules, which are compounds that cannot be superimposed on their mirror images. In asymmetric induction, a chiral catalyst or chiral auxiliary is often used to influence the stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Atropisomers are a type of stereoisomer that arise from the restricted rotation around a single bond, typically due to steric hindrance. This restricted rotation can lead to two or more distinct spatial arrangements of atoms that cannot interconvert freely without breaking a bond. The term "atropisomer" is primarily used in organic chemistry, particularly in the context of certain biaryl compounds where the rotation around the single bond connecting two aromatic rings is hindered.
Axial chirality refers to a type of chirality where a molecule's asymmetry arises not from a center of chirality (like a chiral carbon atom), but from a difference in spatial arrangement around an axis. This form of chirality is commonly observed in certain types of molecules, including biphenyls, terphenyls, and helicenes, where two or more substituents or groups are rotated relative to each other.
Baldwin's Rules refer to a set of guidelines or principles regarding the application of knowledge and the importance of mutual understanding and respect in communication, particularly in the context of academic discourse or professional environments. While there are various interpretations and applications of Baldwin's Rules depending on the field of study, the most commonly referenced set of principles is associated with the work of James Baldwin, an influential African American writer and social critic.
Bredt's rule is a guideline in organic chemistry that relates to the structure of certain bicyclic compounds, particularly those containing a double bond in a bridgehead position. The rule states that: **In bicyclic compounds, a double bond cannot be formed at the bridgehead atoms (the atoms at the ends of the bridges connecting two cycles) unless the bridgehead is part of a ring containing more than four atoms.
C₂-symmetric ligands are a type of ligand that possesses a specific symmetry—specifically, a two-fold rotational symmetry. This means that if the ligand is rotated by 180 degrees around a specific axis, it appears the same as it did before the rotation. In molecular terms, this symmetry is represented as C₂, which is one of the axes in the classification of molecular symmetry.
The Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules are a set of guidelines used to assign priority to substituents attached to a chiral center in organic molecules. These rules are crucial for determining the configuration (R or S) of chiral centers in stereochemistry. Here's a summary of how the rules work: 1. **Atomic Number**: Compare the atomic numbers of the atoms directly attached to the chiral center. The substituent with the higher atomic number takes precedence.
A chiral Lewis acid is a type of Lewis acid that possesses chirality, meaning it has a non-superimposable mirror image, similar to chiral molecules. Lewis acids are defined as electron-pair acceptors, and by being chiral, these acids can influence the stereochemical outcome of reactions. Chiral Lewis acids can effectively catalyze asymmetric reactions by activating substrates in such a way that they favor the formation of one enantiomer over the other.
Chiral analysis refers to the methods and techniques used to identify and separate chiral compounds, which are molecules that exist in two non-superimposable mirror-image forms, known as enantiomers. These enantiomers can have different physical and chemical properties as well as distinct biological activities, making chiral analysis particularly important in fields such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and food science.