A short guide-RNA segment important for recognition of many targets. Seed matching supports target prediction but does not establish functional regulation by itself.

An introduced RNA designed to reproduce a mature microRNA guide activity. Delivery, dosage, unintended interactions and immune activation constrain inference from microRNA mimic experiments.

A target altered so that a tested microRNA can no longer regulate it while preserving the relevant target function. Rescue tests should control expression level and native RNA context.

A mobile plant microRNA that can move from shoot to root and repress TML. Its abundance helps regulate susceptibility to rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus.

Recruitment of RNA decay machinery by a microRNA-bound effector can shorten the target poly(A) tail and reduce stability, often together with translational repression.

A Caenorhabditis elegans microRNA regulating developmental timing through targets including lin-14. It demonstrates developmental use of a small RNA rather than only defence against foreign sequences.

For a dilute spherical no-slip probe of radius $a$ in an isotropic incompressible linear medium at equilibrium, the bead's displacement per unit step force is $J_b(t)=J(t)/(6\pi a)$, where $J$ is the bulk shear creep compliance. The fluctuation-dissipation theorem gives one-coordinate displacement variance $2k_{B}T{J}_b(t)$. Adding the three equal Cartesian contributions proves the displayed relation. In a Newtonian fluid, $J=t/\eta$, so it becomes $⟨\Delta r^2⟩=6Dt$ with the Stokes–Einstein relation $D=k_{B}T/(6\pi \eta a)$.

The particle must sample a continuum response on its scale and remain in thermal equilibrium. A two-dimensional image records only two of the three displacement components; isotropy then gives $⟨\Delta r^2{⟩}_{3d}=(3/2)⟨\Delta r^2{⟩}_{2d}$. Localization noise, confinement and unresolved fast relaxation can otherwise be mistaken for elastic response.

A plot of $[S]/v$ against $[S]$ for a reaction modeled by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The slope is $1/V_{\max }$, the vertical intercept $K_m/V_{\max }$ and the horizontal intercept $-K_m$; graphical transformation changes how measurement errors are weighted.

The dimethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, with adjacent ester groups on a benzene ring.

Methyl butanoate is the ester $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_3\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{C}(=\mathrm{O})\mathrm{OC}{\mathrm{H}}_3$. The four-carbon butanoyl group and one-carbon methyl group occupy different sides of the ester linkage.

Hydrolysis yields butanoic acid or butanoate together with methanol, depending on conditions. The carbonyl carbon remains part of the acid-derived fragment.

Electrical resistance associated with transfer between intersecting nanowires. Contact geometry, adsorbed ligand and oxide layers, welding and pressure affect it. Reducing nanowire junction resistance can improve a transparent network's sheet resistance without increasing its metal coverage.

The maternal transcript whose local translation produces Oskar; its localisation controls where it can organise germ plasm in Drosophila melanogaster.