Replacement of hydrogen with deuterium. In protein NMR, suitable deuteration reduces proton dipolar relaxation but also removes directly observable proton signals unless selected sites are retained or reintroduced.

Isotopic labelling of selected methyl groups to provide sensitive NMR probes in a relatively sparse spin network.

Methyl groups provide several equivalent hydrogen nuclei and can remain useful reporters in large molecular assemblies. Selecting a subset reduces spectral crowding, while isotope substitution elsewhere can reduce unwanted interactions. The observed signal identifies labelled sites rather than every part of the protein equally. ^[ref]

A bifunctional protein that acts as cytosolic aconitase with an appropriate iron–sulfur cluster and as an iron-responsive RNA-binding protein when converted to its RNA-binding state.^[ref]

An iron-responsive RNA-binding protein whose abundance is controlled through regulated degradation, including by FBXL5. It does not use the aconitase switch of IRP1.

Measurement or calculation of energy imparted by ionizing radiation, together with explicitly specified weighting conventions. Absorbed dose, equivalent dose and effective dose are different quantities.

Control of exposure to ionizing radiation. Basic physical measures include reducing time near a source, increasing distance and using radiation shielding; confinement of radioactive material addresses contamination.