By Marie Curie; translated with bibliographical supplements by Walter Kaufmann. Third unchanged German edition, Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, 1904; French thesis, 1903.

Cited passage: chapter I(b), measurement of radiation intensity, Figures 1–3. Gutenberg release 2011 and update 2020 are digitization dates.

By Henri Becquerel. Académie des sciences communication, 2 March 1896. Cédric Van Rompay hosts the inspected French transcription.

Cited passages: opaque screens, dark storage, five-hour controlled exposures, and the closing cautious hypothesis.

Institutional historical biography by Technische Universität Berlin; undated.

Cited indexed passage: the 1933 instrument’s improvement over optical resolution. Full webpage fetch unavailable; month and detailed performance values are not adopted.

Institutional instrument introduction by JEOL; undated.

Cited passages: electron-beam operation, imaging signals, and instrument principles.

Institutional instrument introduction by JEOL; undated.

Cited passages: electron-beam operation, imaging signals, and instrument principles.

By Ernst Ruska. Nobel lecture delivered 8 December 1986; reprinted in Reviews of Modern Physics 59, 627–638 (1987), DOI 10.1103/RevModPhys.59.627.

Cited passages: reprint §§C–E, pp. 628–631, Figures 1–5; inspected transcription and Nobel-indexed excerpt.

By Jean E. Sansonetti and William C. Martin. NIST Standard Reference Database 108; data last updated November 2013.

By Sandip Pakvasa. arXiv:1805.09412v3; first submitted 23 May 2018, revised 4 June 2018.

Cited passages: pp. 1–4, original orbital interpretation, later spin interpretation, and free-electron qualification.

By Walther Gerlach and Otto Stern. Zeitschrift für Physik 9, 349–352 (1922), received 1 March. English translation by Martin Bauer, arXiv:2301.11343v1, 26 January 2023.

Cited passages: Experimental setup; Results, Figures 1–5; closing measurement caveat.

By William C. Martin and Wolfgang Wiese. NIST compendium; individual pages have separate revision histories.

By Pieter Zeeman. Nobel lecture delivered 2 May 1903, following the 1902 prize. University of Maryland hosts the inspected lecture mirror; neither host is the lecture author.

Cited passages: opening experimental account, sodium broadening, cadmium components, and polarization.

By John H. Hubbell and Stephen M. Seltzer. NIST Standard Reference Database 126; online May 1996, data updated July 2004.

Additional material-table locators: Table 4: Water, Liquid and Table 4: Polymethyl Methacrylate. In the mass-attenuation column, the 0.03 MeV rows give 0.3756 and 0.3032 square centimetres per gram respectively; the 0.1 MeV rows give 0.1707 and 0.1641. The separate mass energy-absorption columns describe a different interaction quantity. These page-specific values support energy-dependent material comparisons.

Additional spectral-response locators: Section 3: photon energy fluence relation and equation (13), mass energy-absorption coefficient. In the energy-absorption columns of the Table 4 Water, Liquid and Polymethyl Methacrylate pages, the 0.03 MeV values are 0.1557 and 0.09645 square centimetres per gram, and the 0.1 MeV values are 0.02546 and 0.02368 respectively. These are distinct from the mass-attenuation values already cited for the same energy rows.

By Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen; translated by Arthur Stanton. Original communication, 1895; English translation, Nature 53, 274–276, 23 January 1896. Inspected later reprint, pp. 153–157, reproducing Science NS3, 227–231 (1896).

Cited passages: §§1–6, 11–17.

By Joseph John Thomson. Philosophical Magazine, series 5, 44, 293–316 (1897); DOI 10.1080/14786449708621070. Le Moyne College hosts the transcription.

Cited passages: electrostatic deflection, Figure 2; the second determination of mass-to-charge ratio; electrode-material comparisons.

National Archives and Records Administration institutional collection description; last reviewed 3 June 2019. This review date is distinct from the dates of Millikan’s papers.

Cited passages: collection title, experimental-physicist identity, life years, and labelled Caltech portrait.

Institutional laureate directory of the Niels Bohr Institute. Entry dates do not establish a publication date for the whole directory.

Cited passage: Niels Bohr’s 1885–1962 life years.

Niels Bohr Institute institutional history article, published 18 July 2012.

Cited passages: Bohr’s 1922 award and its atomic-structure and radiation subject. No individual byline is asserted.

By Susanne Kiewitz; institutional editor, Max Planck Society. Berlin, 2016. The date belongs to the first printed book, not to the webpage.

By Lorenz Friedrich Beck. Historical biography hosted by the Max Planck Society; no webpage publication date is verified.

Cited passages: author byline, life years, physics appointments, and radiation research. Hosting institution and individual authorship are distinguished.

By Robert Andrews Millikan. Physical Review 7(3), 355–388; March 1916. DOI 10.1103/PhysRev.7.355.

Cited passages: §§1–3, pp. 355–367, Figures 1–3; §4, pp. 372–375, Figures 5–6; §5, pp. 380–382. This is the March paper, distinct from the January 1916 paper.