14 million images with more than 20k categories, typically denoting prominent objects in the image, either common daily objects, or a wild range of animals. About 1 million of them also have bounding boxes for the objects. The images have different sizes, they are not all standardized to a single size like MNIST^[ref].

Each image appears to have a single label associated to it. Care must have been taken somehow with categories, since some images contain severl possible objects, e.g. a person and some object.

In practice, the ILSVRC subset of ImageNet is the most commonly used dataset.

Official project page: www.image-net.org/

The data license is restrictive and forbids commercial usage: www.image-net.org/download.php. Also as a result you have to login to download the dataset. Super annoying.

How to visualize: datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/111756/where-can-i-view-the-imagenet-classes-as-a-hierarchy-on-wordnet

The categories are all part of WordNet, which means that there are several parent/child categories such as dog vs type of dog available. ImageNet1k only appears to have leaf nodes however (i.e. no "dog" label, just specific types of dog).

A major model that performed well on ImageNet starting on 2012 and became notable is AlexNet.

TODO where to find it: www.kaggle.com/general/50987

Cited on original Generative adversarial network paper: proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2014/file/5ca3e9b122f61f8f06494c97b1afccf3-Paper.pdf

60,000 tiny 32x32 color images in 10 different classes: airplanes, cars, birds, cats, deer, dogs, frogs, horses, ships, and trucks.

TODO release date.

This dataset can be thought of as an intermediate between the simplicity of MNIST, and a more full blown ImageNet.

70,000 28x28 grayscale (1 byte per pixel) images of hand-written digits 0-9, i.e. 10 categories. 60k are considered training data, 10k are considered for test data.

This is THE "OG" computer vision dataset.

Playing with it is the de-facto computer vision hello world.

It was on this dataset that Yann LeCun made great progress with the LeNet model. Running LeNet on MNIST has to be the most classic computer vision thing ever. See e.g. activatedgeek/LeNet-5 for a minimal and modern PyTorch educational implementation.

But it is important to note that as of the 2010's, the benchmark had become too easy for many applications. It is perhaps fair to say that the next big dataset revolution of the same importance was with ImageNet.

The dataset could be downloaded from yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/ but as of March 2025 it was down and seems to have broken from time to time randomly, so Wayback Machine to the rescue:but doing so is kind of pointless as both files use some crazy single-file custom binary format to store all images and labels. OMG!

OK-ish data explorer: knowyourdata-tfds.withgoogle.com/#tab=STATS&dataset=mnist

Bibliography:

The cool thing about this notation is that is showed to Ciro Santilli that there is more state to a chess game than just the board itself! Notably:plus some other boring draw rules counters.

To be fair, this is one of the least worse ones.

Advanced. Not beginner friendly, very clunky.

Both chess engine and a CLI chess UI. As an engine it is likely irrelevant compared to Stockfish as of 2020. TODO: does the UI support Universal Chess Interface?

Cool project history though. Started before the GNU Project itself, and became one of the first packages.

The user friendly Chess UI! Exactly what you would expect from a GNOME Project package. But also packs some punch via the Universal Chess Interface, e.g. Stockfish just works.

One of the most powerful chess engine as of 2023: computer chess competition.

CLI program implementing Universal Chess Interface: www.reddit.com/r/ComputerChess/comments/b6rdez/commandline_options_for_stockfish/

How to actually play against it: chess.stackexchange.com/questions/4353/how-to-install-stockfish-on-ubuntu So hard!

Related to Leela Zero, a Go engine

Deep learning implementation, a bit analogous to AlphaZero, but for chess only.

This article is about covert agent communication channel websites used by the CIA in many countries from the mid 2000s until the early 2010s, when they were uncovered by counter intelligence of some of the targeted countries, notably Iran and China, circa 2010-2013.

This article uses publicly available information to publicly disclose for the first time a few hundred of what we feel are extremely likely candidate sites of the network. The starting point for this research was the September 2022 Reuters article "America’s Throwaway Spies" which for the first time gave nine example websites, and their analyst from Citizenlabs claims to have found 885 websites in total, but did not publicly disclose them. Starting from only the nine disclosed websites, we were then able to find a few hundred websites that share so many similarities with them, i.e. a common fingerprint, that we believe makes them beyond reasonable doubt part of the same network.

If you enjoy this article, consider dropping some Monero at: 4A1KK4uyLQX7EBgN7uFgUeGt6PPksi91e87xobNq7bT2j4V6LqZHKnkGJTUuCC7TjDNnKpxDd8b9DeNBpSxim8wpSczQvzf so I can waste it on my foolish attempts to improve higher education. Other sponsorship methods: Section "Sponsor Ciro Santilli's work on OurBigBook.com".

The discovery of these websites by Iranian and Chinese counterintelligence led to the imprisonment and execution of several assets in those countries, and subsequent shutdown of the channel by the CIA when they noticed that things had gone wrong. This is likely a Wikipedia page that talks about the disastrous outcome of the websites being found out: 2010–2012 killing of CIA sources in China, although it contained no mention of websites before Ciro Santilli edited it in.

Of particular interest is that based on their language and content, certain of the websites seem to have targeted other democracies such as Germany, France, Spain and Brazil.

If anyone can find others websites, or has better techniques feel free to contact Ciro Santilli at: Section "How to contact Ciro Santilli". Contributions will be clearly attributed if desired. Some of the techniques used so far have been very heuristic, and that added to the limited amount of data makes it almost certain that some websites have been missed. Broadly speaking, there are two types of contributions that would be possible:

The fact that citizenlabs reported exactly 885 websites being found makes it feel like they might have found find a better fingerprint which we have not managed to find yet. We have not yet had to pay for our data. If someone wants to donate to the research, some ideas include:

Disclaimers:

May this article serve as a tribute to those who spent their days making, using, and uncovering these websites under the shadows.

It's like the bootloader stage of biology! It's weird and magic and important: Section "Molecular biology feels like systems programming".

Likely implies whole brain emulation and therefore AGI.

Ciro Santilli invented this term, derived from "hardware in the loop" to refer to simulations in which both the brain and the body and physical world of organism models are modelled.

E.g. just imagine running: