 Pauli matrices

The Pauli matrices ${\sigma }_x,{\sigma }_y,{\sigma }_z$ are traceless Hermitian $2\times 2$ matrices that, together with the identity, form a basis of the complex $2\times 2$ matrices.

The Pauli matrices are a set of three \(2 \times 2\) complex matrices that are widely used in quantum mechanics, particularly in the study of spin and other quantum two-level systems (qubits). They are named after the physicist Wolfgang Pauli.