Radial and angular modes of an orthogonally invariant scalar potential

ID: radial-and-angular-modes-of-an-orthogonally-invariant-scalar-potential

For , , the vacuum manifold is a sphere of radius . At a chosen vacuum the Hessian matrix is , where is its unit direction. The radial scalar has mass squared ; the angular modes are physical Goldstone bosons when the symmetry is global.

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