Legendre transformation Updated 2025-07-16
This is how you transform the Lagrangian into the Hamiltonian.
Second law of thermodynamics Updated 2025-07-16
Subtle is the Lord by Abraham Pais (1982) chapter 4 "Entropy and Probability" mentions well how Boltzmann first thought that the second law was an actual base physical law of the universe while he was calculating numerical stuff for it, including as late as 1872.
But then he saw an argument by Johann Joseph Loschmidt that given the time reversibility of classical mechanics, and because they were thinking of atoms as classical balls as in the kinetic theory of gases, then there always exist a valid physical state where entropy decreases, by just reversing the direction of time and all particle speeds.
So from this he understood that the second law can only be probabilistic, and not a fundamental law of physics, which he published clearly in 1877.
Elon Musk Updated 2025-07-16
Musk is a truly ambivalent personality. Some points are very good. Some are very bad.
Respect on the technical side by Ciro Santilli.
But the way he treated his first wife Justine Musk, is very very weird, incomprehensible: www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/a5380/millionaire-starter-wife/
Positive Cirocoins for possibly going to reverse Twitter's unfair Trump ban if his Twitter acquisition goes through:
Negative Cirocoins for according to Wikipedia:
Within the merged company [Thiel's Confinity + Elon's X.com], Musk returned as CEO. Musk's preference for Microsoft software over Unix created a rift in the company and caused Thiel to resign.
Video 1.
The REAL Reason Why Tesla Made All Patents Open-Source by The not so boring Man (2021)
Source. Supercut from various interviews/presentations in which Elon saying that Tesla has open source patents and pro open source stuff. Can we trust it? Maybe.
Xavier Niel Updated 2025-07-16
Video 1.
Xavier Niel, Iliad - Free: Je suis un casseur de monopoles by DECIDEURSTV (2011)
Source. Title translation: "I'm a hunter of monopolies".
Meh Updated 2025-07-16
Phagocytosis Updated 2025-07-16
Crying Updated 2025-07-16
Ohm Updated 2025-07-16
Divergence in Einstein notation Updated 2025-07-16
First we write a vector field as:
Note how we are denoting each component of as with a raised index.
Then, the divergence can be written in Einstein notation as:
It is common to just omit the variables of the function, so we tend to just say:
or equivalently when referring just to the operator:
Laplacian in Einstein notation Updated 2025-07-16
Consider a real valued function of three variables:
Its Laplacian can be written as:
It is common to just omit the variables of the function, so we tend to just say:
or equivalently when referring just to the operator:
The general result from eigendecomposition of a matrix:
becomes:
where is an orthogonal matrix, and therefore has .

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