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Henbane is a poisonous flowering plant, commonly Hyoscyamus niger, and material derived from it. Its alkaloid mixture links plant chemistry with antimuscarinic pharmacology.

Historical drastic purgative obtained as the dried deposit from the expressed juice of the squirting cucumber fruit. Its variable potency and severe fluid loss make period use in oedema unsuitable as a modern treatment recommendation.

Dried aloe leaf juice used as a stimulant laxative, distinct from the leaf gel used in other products.

Copaiba is an oleoresin obtained from Copaifera trees. It combines volatile and resinous constituents rather than being a single pure oil.

Oleoresin is a mixture or extract containing resinous material and a volatile-oil fraction. The two fractions differ in volatility and solubility.

Ipecacuanha is a medicinal root material historically used for its emetic action. Its alkaloid-containing mixture is distinct from a purified constituent.

Cinnamon is an aromatic bark material whose source and processing determine its chemical mixture. The bark, its volatile oil and an aqueous preparation are distinct materials.

Broom is a common name for several woody flowering plants, including sources of historical medicinal material. A vernacular name alone does not fix one species or chemical composition.

Buchu is an aromatic leaf material obtained from southern African plants including Agathosma species. Botanical source and leaf chemistry both matter when identifying a preparation.

Dandelion is a common name for plants of the genus Taraxacum and for material derived from them. Leaves, roots and extracted preparations are different biological and pharmaceutical materials.

Ammoniacum is a plant gum-resin historically associated with Dorema ammoniacum. The name refers to a mixed plant product, distinct from an ammonium salt.

Almond is the seed kernel of the almond plant. Oil, protein and other constituents can be separated into preparations with different compositions.

Myrrh is an aromatic gum-resin obtained from Commiphora plants. Its water-binding gum, resin and volatile constituents contribute different physical properties.

Guaiacum resin is a resin obtained from Guaiacum wood. It is a complex plant product whose solubility and oxidation behavior have been used in historical chemical tests.

Scammony resin is a resinous preparation obtained from scammony material. The isolated resin fraction differs from the crude plant product.

Jalap is a medicinal material derived from the storage root of a climbing plant. The source tissue and its extracted resin are distinct preparations.

Jalap resin is the resinous fraction obtained from jalap material. Extracting this fraction changes the chemical mixture relative to the intact storage root.

Rhubarb is a common name covering Rheum plants and distinct materials obtained from them. The medicinal root material is not the same plant part as the culinary leaf stalk.

Senna is a medicinal plant material obtained from certain Senna species, especially leaflets or fruits. Different parts and processed preparations require separate identification.

Logwood is the heartwood of the logwood tree, historically used as a source of coloring and medicinal material. Its extract is chemically distinct from intact wood.