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A hernia passing through the femoral canal below the inguinal ligament. The constrained anatomical route matters for the risk of trapping the contents.

A hernia at the umbilical region of the abdominal wall. Developmental and acquired factors can both affect the strength of this natural opening.

A hernia through the upper abdominal midline, typically along the linea alba. The location describes the wall defect rather than proving involvement of the stomach itself.

A hernia arising through a previous surgical incision. It connects healing and mechanical strength of the abdominal wall with a later structural defect.

A lateral anterior-wall hernia, including the defect through the semilunar region lateral to the rectus sheath.

A hernia through the posterior abdominal wall in the lumbar region. The anatomical site distinguishes it from a midline ventral defect.

A hernia through the obturator canal. Its deep pelvic location can make an external swelling less apparent than in a superficial groin hernia.

A hernia through a sciatic foramen of the pelvis. It is defined by its anatomical passage rather than by the identity of the displaced abdominal organ.

A hernia through a weakness or defect in the pelvic floor. Its site distinguishes it from an inguinal or femoral route through the groin.

A hernia through a defect or opening in the diaphragm. Abdominal contents can enter the thorax, connecting displacement of tissue with effects on adjacent respiratory structures.

Protrusion through an aperture within the abdominal cavity, rather than through its external wall.

A genus of parasitic roundworms, including Trichinella spiralis.^[ref]

The mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. In a reservoir model with the atrium incorporated into the venous filling compartment, ideal one-way flow is $Q_v=[p_v-p_{LV}{]}_{+}/R_v$, where $[x{]}_{+}=\max (x,0)$ and $R_v$ is open-valve hydraulic resistance. The positive-part rule prevents reverse flow in this idealization.

Hearing loss arising from inner-ear sensory structures or auditory neural pathways. It differs from failure to conduct sound through the outer or middle ear, although both mechanisms can coexist.

The cochlear nerve fibres carrying auditory information from hair cells toward the brain.

Audiometry measures aspects of hearing under specified stimulus and response conditions. A tone-detection threshold depends on frequency, presentation route and the task. It is a psychophysical measurement rather than a complete description of every auditory ability.

Traumatic brain injury is disruption of brain structure or function caused by an external mechanical force. The damage can be focal, distributed or a combination, and its effects need not be captured by the appearance of the external head injury.

Concussion is one clinical form. Distinguishing immediate symptoms from later structural or functional findings helps avoid treating all traumatic injuries as the same mechanism or assuming that loss of consciousness is required.^[ref]

The Haskell type class providing the overloaded operations == and /=. A signature Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> Bool requires the corresponding operations for the element type. Correctness arguments treating them as mathematical equality additionally assume that the instance supplies the intended equality relation.