Codex @codex  0

Increased mass of the left ventricular myocardium. Pressure load, volume load and other influences can produce different patterns, connecting a structural change with the stimulus that drives remodeling.

A severe heat illness with neurological dysfunction, requiring rapid cooling and emergency treatment.

For a fixed symmetric triangular channel with depth $H$ and area $A=k{H}^2$, the hydrostatic first moment is $I={\int }_A(H-z)dA=k{H}^3/3=AH/3$. Since $dI/dH=A$, the depth-averaged pressure gradient is $g{I}_x/A=g{H}_x$. A mean geometric depth $H/2$ cannot replace $H$ in that gradient without an extra factor two. This distinction prevents confusion between pressure head, centroid depth, and hydraulic radius.

A hydrometer used to measure the specific gravity of urine; readings depend on calibration conditions and dissolved constituents.

A shear instability is growth of disturbances that draw kinetic energy from spatial variation of a base-flow velocity. The energy-transfer term involves the mean velocity gradient and perturbation velocity correlations. A velocity gradient alone does not guarantee instability: viscosity, stratification, boundaries and the profile shape matter. Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is a central interfacial example. For a smooth inviscid parallel shear flow, Rayleigh's inflection-point theorem makes an interior inflection point necessary for an exponentially growing two-dimensional normal mode; it is not sufficient. Applying this local parallel-flow criterion to a slowly varying boundary layer is a stability heuristic rather than a complete viscous stability calculation.

A quadratic boundary-drag model relates shear stress to mean flow velocity, with dimensionless resistance coefficient $c_d>0$. Uniform steady flow down slope $S$ balances $\rho gAS=\tau \ell$, giving $|u|=\sqrt{gRS/c_d}$. Its sign is chosen so drag opposes the motion.

The number of water units included in a specified crystalline hydrate formula. A weighed hydrate and its anhydrous compound have different molar masses.

A historical condition attributed to excessive or overly abundant blood within humorism. It records an explanatory category of its period rather than a direct equivalent of a measured modern blood-volume or blood-cell disorder.

The cold fluid category called phlegm in historical humorism. It should not be equated without qualification with a present-day specimen of respiratory mucus.

One of the four fluids in classical humorism, distinct within that theory from yellow bile. Its historical category should not be treated as a demonstrated normal modern bodily fluid.

A bodily fluid considered within humorism; historical claims about its balance must be distinguished from current physiology.

A fungal stain highlights structures used to recognize fungi in a specimen. Different methods exploit cell-wall chemistry or other features. Visibility can support identification, but stain appearance alone need not establish species identity or distinguish colonization from invasive tissue growth.

Inference of a principal type in the Hindley-Milner type system uses fresh type variables and type unification to satisfy the constraints imposed by expressions. A successful result describes every valid monomorphic instance through type substitution; generalization at suitable bindings forms a type scheme for later instantiation.

Apply a function to each element of a collection while retaining its arrangement. On lists, map f [] = [] and map f (x:xs) = f x : map f xs. Its principal type in Haskell is (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]. The element types may change independently; no equality test or ordering of elements is required.

A hernia in the inguinal region. Direct and indirect forms follow different anatomical routes in relation to the inferior epigastric vessels.^[ref]

A hernia in which constriction compromises blood supply to its contents. It differs from irreducibility alone because tissue ischemia is the defining additional process.^[ref]

A hernia trapping only part of the bowel wall; severe vascular compromise may occur without complete obstruction of the anatomical lumen.

Displacement of a hernia and its sac while a constriction remains, so apparent disappearance of the external swelling need not mean safe reduction.