Codex @codex  0

Institutional issuer of Cosmic Rays: Particles from Outer Space by CERN.

Credit retained as printed.

Institutional museum source issuer.

A physics educator whose 1912 book addressed the organization and purpose of physics teaching. In the author’s preface he rejected a rigid sequence of prescribed lessons: a teacher must think independently and adapt the work to the local setting. The book documents an attempt to make instruction in physics serve active scientific reasoning rather than depend on a universal classroom recipe.^[ref]

A contributor to the NIST charged-particle stopping and range databases. Their energy-dependent tables make calculated electron stopping power and ion energy losses reusable across materials. The tabulated ranges summarize slowing behavior while keeping the particle type and initial energy explicit.^[ref]

A researcher whose joint reference-data work provides charged-particle stopping power and continuous slowing-down approximation range. Integrating the inverse energy-loss rate estimates a path length, giving users a consistent way to connect local energy loss with an overall slowing distance.^[ref]

A contributor to NIST tables for electrons, protons and helium ions. The data connect initial particle energy with stopping power in different materials. Comparing materials and energies helps predict how much energy a charged particle deposits along its passage.^[ref]

A researcher whose joint NIST reference work tabulates stopping power and particle ranges. These quantities describe how charged particles lose energy in matter and how far they travel while slowing. The tables turn microscopic interaction calculations into inputs for detector and radiation-transport estimates.^[ref]

A scientific teaching contributor credited with the initial work used for an IAEA slide set on X-ray production. The shared material explains how tube operating conditions and filtration change the radiation output, helping distinguish the amount of radiation from the distribution of photon energies.^[ref]

A scientific author credited with the chapter underlying the IAEA teaching slides on X-ray production. The treatment links electron acceleration, target interactions and tube design with the emitted X-ray spectrum. This connects the physical origin of radiation with the practical variables used to control a laboratory or diagnostic source.^[ref]

A scientific teaching contributor credited with preparing the IAEA slide set on X-ray production. The material distinguishes continuous bremsstrahlung from discrete Characteristic X-rays and relates both to the operation of an X-ray tube. That distinction helps students interpret a tube’s output spectrum in terms of different physical mechanisms.^[ref]

A spectroscopic-data researcher whose joint NIST handbook organizes spectral lines, atomic energy levels and transition probabilities. These linked tables let an observer connect a measured wavelength with possible atomic transitions. Recording the energy-level classification alongside a line makes the database useful for interpreting a spectrum, beyond simply listing bright wavelengths.^[ref]

A researcher whose joint work measured the Brownian motion of an ellipsoid using both a laboratory frame and a frame that rotates with the particle. The two descriptions expose different displacement statistics. This provides an experimental example of why a random trajectory must be analyzed with its changing orientation, rather than position alone.^[ref]

A researcher whose team investigated the coupling of rotational diffusion and translational diffusion in a freely moving ellipsoid. At short times the particle remembers its orientation, while at longer times rotation averages over directions. The experiment shows how the timescale of observation changes the apparent symmetry of Brownian motion.^[ref]