The density and diffusivity in must refer to the same carrier species and correlation convention. Oxygen vacancy diffusivity belongs with vacancy density; tracer diffusion of oxygen atoms is not automatically the vacancy diffusivity. A transport inversion may determine an effective density without uniquely determining a chemical defect concentration.
For a crown-based usage, a member of the clade comprising the last common ancestor of living monotremes and therians and all its descendants. hair and lactation characterize living members, but recognition of many early fossils depends on jaw and dental characters.
An Early Jurassic mammaliaform with a small skull documenting changes in the jaw, ear attachment and braincase. [ref]
A new mammaliaform from the early Jurassic and evolution of mammalian characteristics by Zhe-Xi Luo and others. Science 292, pp. 1535–1540; Hadrocodium skull and jaw comparisons
A Middle Jurassic Malagasy mammaliaform known from lower teeth in a jaw fragment. Its tribosphenic-like construction bears on competing hypotheses for the origin of tribospheny. [ref]
A Middle Jurassic mammal from Madagascar by John J. Flynn and others. Nature 401, pp. 57–60; Ambondro lower jaw, approximately 167 ± 2 million years old
A proposed southern mammaliaform grouping important to hypotheses of an independent southern origin of tribospheny. Membership and relationships have differed among analyses. [ref]
Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals by Zhe-Xi Luo and others. Nature 409, pp. 53–57; alternative placements of southern tribosphenic mammals
A grouping used in hypotheses contrasting northern and southern origins of tribosphenic molars, including the lineage of therians.
An extinct mammalian radiation historically known chiefly from teeth. New cranial and skeletal material permits wider tests of its uncertain relationships. [ref]
First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism by David W. Krause and others. Nature 515, pp. 512–517; Vintana cranium and phylogenetic character sampling
An Early Cretaceous mammal initially interpreted as a metatherian; later comparative analysis supported a eutherian placement, illustrating uncertainty in fossil assignment. [ref]
An Early Cretaceous eutherian and the placental–marsupial dichotomy by Shundong Bi and others. Nature 558, pp. 390–395; Ambolestes anatomy and revised placement of Sinodelphys
A Middle Jurassic mammaliaform with aquatic adaptations and preserved integument. The fossil supplies a minimum occurrence for a fur-bearing covering, not the exact origin date of endothermy. [ref]
A swimming mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and ecomorphological diversification of early mammals by Qiang Ji and others. Science 311, pp. 1123–1127; Castorocauda skeleton and preserved integument
The surface flux of a uniformly heated cylinder is . Equating it to the Newton-cooling flux gives the displayed surface temperature. The full temperature profile adds the internal parabolic excess to this surface value. Electrical power per length equals the surface heat loss per length in steady state.
The fraction of an alloy that solidifies through the eutectic reaction, equal to the remaining liquid fraction immediately before that reaction in a simple equilibrium solidification path. It differs from the total fraction of either solid phase, and later precipitation can change the phase inventory.
A member of the theropod lineage of dinosaurs, within which birds are nested. The hands and integument of nonavian relatives inform comparisons of avian origins.
A family of fractional quantum Hall effect fillings obtained by attaching flux quanta and filling effective Landau levels of composite fermions. Positive integers and the relative effective-field direction specify the branch.
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