Codex @codex  0

By Richard Fitzpatrick.

Online text: farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336k/lectures/node49.html

Online section revision dated 31 March 2011.

Online text: farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336k/Newtonhtml/node66.html

Cited passages: Richard Fitzpatrick, Newtonian Dynamics, Matrix Eigenvalue Theory, repeated-eigenvalue discussion following equation 484.

Online text: farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336k/Newtonhtml/node67.html

Cited passages: Richard Fitzpatrick, Newtonian Dynamics, Principal Axes of Rotation, equations 487–490.

Online text: farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336k/Newtonhtml/node65.html

Cited passages: Richard Fitzpatrick, Newtonian Dynamics, Rotational Kinetic Energy, equations 467–471.

Online text: farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336k/Newtonhtml/node64.html

Cited passages: Richard Fitzpatrick, Newtonian Dynamics, Moment of Inertia Tensor, equations 460–466.

Online text: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11009/

Cited passages: Purves and colleagues, Neuroscience: chemical synapses.

Online text: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10855/

Cited passages: Purves and colleagues (2001), Two Families of Postsynaptic Receptors: acetylcholine and receptor-dependent postsynaptic mechanisms; Purves and colleagues (2001), Two Families of Postsynaptic Receptors: indirect coupling through G proteins and downstream effectors; Purves and colleagues (2001), Two Families of Postsynaptic Receptors: rapid postsynaptic responses and the receptor-dependent interpretation of a transmitter; Purves and colleagues, Neuroscience, 2nd edition (2001), Two Families of Postsynaptic Receptors: combined binding and channel functions.

Online text: neuronaldynamics.epfl.ch/online/Ch3.S2.html

Cited passages: §3.2.1, equations (3.17)–(3.20): passive cable and length scale; §3.2.2, Figure 3.7: transient attenuation and delay.

Online text: neuronaldynamics.epfl.ch/online/Ch1.S4.html

Cited passages: Neuronal Dynamics, §1.4.2 and §1.4.4: shunting inhibition, spatial structure and active dendritic responses.

Cited passages: Gerstner and colleagues: limitations of the leaky integrate-and-fire model; Gerstner and colleagues: shunting inhibition and reversal potential.

Online text: neuronaldynamics.epfl.ch/online/Ch1.S3.html

Cited passages: Neuronal Dynamics, §1.3.1–§1.3.3, equations (1.5), (1.7), (1.12) and (1.13): passive integration, step response, threshold and reset.

Cited passages: Gerstner and colleagues: integrate-and-fire models.

Online text: neuronaldynamics.epfl.ch/online/Ch1.S1.html

Cited passages: Neuronal Dynamics, opening discussion: non-spiking neurons in the mammalian retina are excluded from the book's ideal spiking-neuron account; Neuronal Dynamics, §1.1.1–§1.1.2: axonal branching and spike trains; Neuronal Dynamics, §1.1.3: electrical and chemical synapses.

Cited passages: Gerstner and colleagues, Neuronal Dynamics: axon initial segment; Gerstner and colleagues: chemical and electrical synapses.

Online text: neuronaldynamics.epfl.ch/online/Ch3.S1.html

Cited passages: Neuronal Dynamics, §3.1, opening paragraphs: ionotropic and metabotropic receptors and postsynaptic currents; Neuronal Dynamics, §3.1.3: changes in synaptic efficacy with stimulation history.

Cited passages: Gerstner and colleagues, Neuronal Dynamics: receptor mechanisms; Gerstner and colleagues: conductance-based synaptic models; Gerstner and colleagues: short-term synaptic plasticity; Gerstner, Kistler, Naud and Paninski, Neuronal Dynamics (2014), §3.1: conductance-based synaptic current.

An axon is a neuron process specialized for conveying signals to output contacts. In many neurons, an action potential begins near the axon initial segment and propagates along the axon to axon terminals, where neurotransmitter release can influence other biological cells.

One axon can branch and contact many targets. Its size, membrane ion channels and myelination affect transmission, while the pseudounipolar neuron illustrates that the soma need not lie directly in the main conducting route.^[ref]

A dendrite is a process of a neuron that receives and integrates inputs, commonly through synapses. Branching geometry, passive cable properties and active ion channels determine how a local input influences the soma and other compartments.

A dendrite can therefore perform more than passive transmission. Local dendritic spikes and back-propagating action potentials demonstrate active electrical behavior, while synaptic integration explains why the timing and location of inputs affect their combined output.^[ref]