The thermal sphere-of-influence scale compares gravitational potential per unit mass with the ambient gas sound-speed squared. A convention based on escape speed instead introduces a factor of two. The scale is not a capture cross-section or an accretion rate without a flow and dissipation model.
With planet-to-star mass ratio and disk aspect ratio , and . Equating the two gives . The thermally limited radius grows faster with planet mass than the tidally limited radius; an envelope outer scale is often the smaller of the two.

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