Branched covering

A branched covering is a map that is a covering space away from a branch set and has a specified local covering model at that set. For a smooth two-fold covering branched over a codimension-two submanifold, the local model is $(z,u)\mapsto (z^2,u)$. A two-fold branched cover of a knot is the basic three-dimensional example.

For a finite group generated by $a,b$, take the regular covering of a thrice-punctured sphere with monodromy $a,b,(ab{)}^{-1}$ and fill each lifted puncture by a disk. Locally the projection is $z\mapsto z^m$, where $m$ is the order of its monodromy. The result is a closed oriented topological surface with an orientation-preserving group action. The nontrivial stabiliser subgroups are the conjugates of $⟨a⟩$, $⟨b⟩$ and $⟨ab⟩$ at the three types of ramification points. Counting lifted cells gives the displayed Euler characteristic. A subgroup acts freely exactly when it meets every conjugate of these three cyclic groups trivially. Its quotient is then a regular covering of degree equal to the subgroup order, and quotient Euler characteristic is divided by that order.