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Write $V=\{1,\dots ,p\}$. The global Markov property for a directed acyclic graph says that, for every three pairwise disjoint vertex sets $A,B,C$,Thus graphical D-separation implies probabilistic conditional independence. Causal minimality means that $P$ has this global Markov property for a directed acyclic graph, but has it for no proper subgraph of $\mathcal{G}$ obtained by deleting edges while keeping all vertices. Faithfulness of a directed acyclic graph means that the displayed implication is an equivalence: the conditional independences of $P$ are exactly the D-separations of $\mathcal{G}$. In particular it includes the global Markov property for a directed acyclic graph.

A causally minimal distribution can nevertheless have an extra independence. Here is a causally minimal nonfaithful Gaussian model. Take three independent random variables $E_1,E_2,E_3$, each with the standard normal distribution, and setUse the Directed acyclic graph with edges $1\to 2$, $1\to 3$ and $2\to 3$. The equations give a directed acyclic graph factorization, so the global Markov property for a directed acyclic graph holds. Alternatively this complete acyclic graph imposes no nontrivial D-separations. But $Z_3=E_2+E_3$ is independent of $Z_1=E_1$, even though the direct edge $1\to 3$ prevents their D-separation. Hence faithfulness of a directed acyclic graph fails.

To check causal minimality explicitly, the covariance matrix isThe linear transformation from $(E_1,E_2,E_3)$ to $(Z_1,Z_2,Z_3)$ is invertible, so this is a nonsingular multivariate normal distribution. Deleting $1\to 2$ would require $Z_1\perp Z_2$, whereas $\mathrm{Cov}(Z_1,Z_2)=1$. Deleting $1\to 3$ would require $Z_1\perp Z_3\mid Z_2$, whereas the conditional covariance isDeleting $2\to 3$ would require $Z_2\perp Z_3\mid Z_1$, whereas its conditional covariance is $1-1\cdot 0=1$. By Gaussian conditional independence, each nonzero conditional covariance rules out the required independence. Every proper subgraph is contained in a graph obtained by a single edge deletion, and further deletion can only add Markov restrictions. Thus no proper subgraph is Markov for $P$, proving causal minimality.

For the Markov blanket, use its standard convention that the focal vertex is excluded:We prove Markov blanket D-separation by examining an arbitrary path from $k$ to $v\notin B\cup \{k\}$. If its first edge points into $k$, its next vertex is a parent of $k$, hence a conditioned noncollider in $B$, and the path is blocked. Otherwise the path starts $k\to h$ at a child $h\in B$. If the next edge points out of $h$, then $h$ is again a conditioned noncollider. If it points into $h$, the path begins $k\to h\leftarrow u$. Although conditioning on the collider $h$ opens that local segment, $u$ is another parent of $h$, hence belongs to $B$. The outgoing arrow $u\to h$ makes $u$ a noncollider on the path, so conditioning on $u$ blocks it. Since $v$ is outside $B$, none of these blocking vertices can be the endpoint.

Every path is therefore blocked by $B$. Applying the global Markov property for a directed acyclic graph givesThis proves the requested screening property without any positivity assumption on $P$.

Finally assume faithfulness of a directed acyclic graph and let $A$ have the stated screening property. Then $k$ and every vertex outside $A\cup \{k\}$ must be D-separated by $A$. If a parent or child $h$ of $k$ were missing from $A$, the one-edge path between them would be active, a contradiction. Thus every parent and child is in $A$. If another parent $u$ of a child $h$ were missing from $A$, the path $k\to h\leftarrow u$ would be active: its only interior vertex is the collider $h$, already in $A$. This is again a contradiction. ConsequentlyUnder faithfulness the graphical blanket is contained in every screening set. This is the minimal Markov blanket under faithfulness; the preceding argument also shows that the blanket itself is a screening set.