Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2006 iii Paper 69 3 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Differentiate the product of Dirac delta functions defining , regarding and as independent density arguments. The random continuity equation isFor , the causal functional derivatives follow from the explicit strain solution and :Consequently,In the Furutsu–Novikov formula, the covariance samples the upper endpoint of the causal time integral. Symmetric regularization of the white noise gives half the mass there. The response vanishes as , while the strain response tends to one, so . Averaging the continuity equation yields the Fokker-Planck equationThere is no direct diffusion term in : its equation contains the time integral of colored noise, whereas the strain equation receives Gaussian white noise. The same result follows from the Itô diffusion with drift and diffusion vector .
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2026 iii Paper 353 1 c i Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-03
The stationary solution ofisIt follows from the Itô isometry thatThus is zero-mean colored noise with correlation time . The equation is an overdamped harmonic particle of mobility driven by that correlated random force.