Constant interaction model

A model with charge-independent total capacitance $C_{\Sigma }$ and a separate single-particle orbital spectrum. An addition energy is $e^2/C_{\Sigma }+\Delta ϵ$, whereas the conventional electrostatic charging scale is $E_C=e^2/(2C_{\Sigma })$. The factor of two should not be confused with diamond full height.

With $U(N)={\sum }_{i=1}^N{ϵ}_i+(Ne-Q_g{)}^2/(2C_{\Sigma })$, the addition electrochemical potential is ${\mu }_N={ϵ}_N+(N-1/2)e^2/C_{\Sigma }-e{Q}_g/C_{\Sigma }$. Gate and lead voltages enter $Q_g$. Adjacent addition potentials differ by an orbital spacing plus $e^2/C_{\Sigma }$.