Past exam of the mathematical physiology course of the University of Oxford 2023 2 c Solution 2026-10-25
Assume . At an equilibrium, , soThe nonzero roots areConsequently, with , there are three distinct equilibria for , two distinct equilibria for , and only the origin for . At equality the two nonzero equilibria coincide; for they both have . Geometrically, is the maximum of the concave quadratic .
Since , the Jacobian matrix at the origin isThus the origin is always asymptotically stable. Its eigenvalues areWriting , the origin is a stable node for and a stable focus for . At it is a degenerate node: the repeated negative eigenvalue has only one independent eigenvector, since the nonzero off-diagonal entry prevents being a scalar matrix. If , then and every permitted gives a stable focus. This change from node to focus does not change stability and is not a Hopf bifurcation.