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The Arabis alpina FLC orthologue, whose seasonal reactivation contributes to perennial flowering behavior.

Photoperiodism is dependence of a biological response on the daily timing of light and darkness. In plants, flowering can depend on whether illumination coincides with an internally timed sensitive phase, as described by the external coincidence model.

Equal total hours of light need not produce equal flowering responses if the light occurs at different phases of the circadian clock. Light-dependent regulation of CONSTANS provides a molecular example connecting the timing of illumination to FLOWERING LOCUS T activity.^[ref]

Physostigma is a genus of flowering plants in the legume group. It includes the source of the Calabar bean, historically important in the study of physostigmine. A purified compound and the chemically mixed seed are different experimental materials.

Plant reproduction produces new plant individuals through sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction. In land plants, alternation of generations connects a gametophyte that makes gametes to a sporophyte that makes spores. A seed is a developing plant embryo with protective and nutritive structures, rather than another name for a spore.

A rhizome can extend and establish new shoots through vegetative reproduction, while pollination can initiate the sequence leading to fertilization and seed production in a flowering plant. These routes differ in how parental genetic variation is transmitted and combined.

Pterocarpus is a genus of woody flowering plants in the legume group. Its winged fruits provide an example of the connection between reproductive structure and seed dispersal.

A botanist who studied seasonal flowering regulation by PEP1 in Arabis alpina, connecting a floral repressor to a perennial life history.^[ref]

Rosa is the genus of roses, flowering plants including wild species and cultivated hybrids. Its familiar hip includes tissue surrounding multiple small fruits, illustrating why an everyday fruit name need not match a single botanical structure.

Sambucus is the genus of elders, woody flowering plants bearing clusters of small flowers and fruits. The botanical genus should be distinguished from a particular species or preparation described in a historical source.

Taraxacum is the genus of dandelions, flowering plants whose apparent single flower is a head of many small flowers. Reproduction in the genus includes both sexual systems and apomixis, making species boundaries sensitive to the biological criterion used.

Theobroma is a genus of tropical flowering plants that includes the cacao plant. Its seeds illustrate how storage tissues and specialized chemistry can give a single reproductive structure several ecological and economic roles.

The tomato is the flowering plant Solanum lycopersicum and its fleshy fruit. It is useful for investigating fruit growth and ripening because changes in tissue structure, pigmentation and chemistry can be related across biological development.