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A plant completing its life cycle within one growing year; this does not imply that all varieties have identical flowering requirements.

Anthesis is the opening of a flower, or the interval during which it is open and functional. It is a developmental stage within flowering, which also includes the earlier transition to making flowers. A flower bud can therefore be present before anthesis.^[ref]

The distinction is useful in an experiment: comparing two flowers three days after anthesis aligns their development more closely than comparing them three days after their parent plants were moved to a greenhouse. Opening does not by itself establish that pollination or fertilization has occurred. Those are separate events whose timing must be observed.

A botanist who investigated light-dependent regulation of CONSTANS, connecting daily timing to photoperiodism and flowering.^[ref]

A flower bud is an undeveloped flower in which the floral organs are forming or remain enclosed before anthesis. It differs from a vegetative bud, which will extend a shoot with leaves. A flower bud is already reproductive even while its external coverings hide the future stamens and carpels.^[ref]

Dissecting a series of flower buds of increasing size can reveal the order in which floral structures appear. Opening the largest bud is not equivalent to observing the original switch to flowering: that developmental decision occurred earlier. This makes flower bud size a useful staging observation, provided the relation between size and internal development is checked for the particular plant.

Flowering is the transition to producing flowers, the reproductive structures of angiosperms. A meristem that previously produced vegetative organs begins a developmental program forming flowers. This transition can precede the visible opening of a flower, called anthesis, by a substantial interval.

Photoperiodism links flowering to seasonal day length. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the timing of CONSTANS gene expression and the stabilization of its protein by evening light allow long days to promote flowering. Experiments measuring CONSTANS abundance showed that a daily rhythm in messenger RNA alone did not explain the response: light-dependent protein degradation supplied another regulatory step.^[ref] Different plants integrate different combinations of day length, temperature and developmental state; flowering is not triggered by one universal environmental threshold.

An Arabidopsis thaliana floral repressor whose stable silencing contributes to memory of prolonged cold.

FLOWERING LOCUS T encodes a flowering regulator in Arabidopsis thaliana. The FT protein can move between tissues and contributes to the long-distance connection between light-dependent regulation in leaves and reproductive development at the shoot.

Experiments combining tissue-specific expression and grafting supplied evidence for movement of FT protein, separating production of a signal from the site at which development changes. Its roles also extend beyond one flowering response: maternal temperature history in fruits can affect progeny dormancy through this regulatory system.^[ref][ref]

An Arabidopsis thaliana gene whose ectopic expression and flowering phenotype can be associated with a stably unmethylated promoter state.

One of the two Howea palms native to Lord Howe Island. Contrasts in soil association and flowering time with Howea belmoreana provide evidence relevant to sympatric speciation.

The arrangement of flowers on a flowering axis, or the flowering system itself.

A botanist who investigated long-distance flowering signals, including movement of FT protein from tissues in which it is produced.^[ref]

A plant used in the lettuce red and far-red germination experiment.

A spore-producing structure associated with the male developmental lineage in heterospory.