Free-end curvature boundary layer 2026-10-14
Moment-free ends require there, so a highly stretched finite filament can retain curvature in boundary layers of width . For constant intrinsic curvature , zero transverse end forces give slope . Direct integration yieldsIts large-force deficit is , of order , even though the smooth bulk curvature derivative vanishes. This shows why endpoint assumptions matter in force-extension of an intrinsically curved filament.