Measurement and modeling of a planet’s shape, gravity field, orientation and deformation. Space geodesy can constrain both rigid plate motion and time-dependent solid-Earth loading response.
Global navigation satellite systems can measure station position time series in a stated terrestrial reference frame. Vertical and horizontal secular or transient motions require treatment of station offsets, atmospheric delays, loading and reference-frame uncertainty.
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Geodesy is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth’s shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field, as well as their variations over time. It encompasses various aspects such as: 1. **Earth Measurement**: Determining the size and shape of the Earth, which is not a perfect sphere but rather an oblate spheroid due to its rotation.