A hemiacetal has an hydroxy group and an group on the same saturated carbon; is attached through carbon.
A hemiketal is the addition product of an alcohol and a ketone, with hydroxy group and alkoxy substituents on the former carbonyl carbon. Intramolecular formation can temporarily tether an alcohol to a ketone before another chemical reaction changes the carbon skeleton.
A cyclic hemiacetal in equilibrium with an open-chain hydroxy carbonyl compound. Different lactol anomers can converge to the same planar aldehyde before nucleophilic addition.

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