Internal-wave ray tracing

Internal-wave ray tracing follows the group velocity while preserving the wave frequency. In a uniformly stratified fluid, each straight ray keeps the angle ${\sin }^{-1}(\omega /N)$ to the horizontal until reflection or a change in the medium.

For $U=sz$, $N>0$, $k>0$ and the rising branch $m_0<0$, the Hamiltonian is $\omega =ksz+Nk/\sqrt{k^2+m^2}$. It gives constant $\omega ,k$ and $m=m_0-kst$. The height approaches $z_c=\omega /(ks)$ as time tends to infinity. With $\theta =\arctan (|m|/k)$, the ray slope is $dx/dz=\tan \theta +ksz/(N\sin \theta {\cos }^2\theta )$. The intrinsic and absolute frequencies must not be confused.

For a stationary internal gravity wave in constant buoyancy frequency $N$ and wind $U=U_0(1+z/H)$, set $q_0=k{U}_0/N<1$. Its upward group velocity has ratio $dx/dz=k/m=q/\sqrt{1-q^2}$, where $q=q_0(1+z/H)$. Integrating from the origin gives a circular ray with center $(H\sqrt{1-q_0^2}/q_0,-H)$ and radius $H/q_0$. The ascending ray becomes horizontal at the turning level of a stationary internal wave; its reflected branch continues downwind along the same circle.

A periodic spatial internal-wave ray toward which neighbouring ray paths converge after reflection in a confined stratified basin. A fixed point of an internal-wave ray return map is attracting when its derivative has magnitude below one. Viscous attenuation of an internal-wave beam and internal-wave breaking regularize the ideal concentration of energy. A spatial ray construction does not remove turning-level limitations of the WKB approximation.

Map one boundary intersection of an internal-wave ray to the next intersection with the same boundary after a specified reflection itinerary. A periodic ray is a fixed point. Linear contraction, $|R^{\prime }|<1$, gives an internal-wave attractor; the reversed itinerary, when invertible, has reciprocal multiplier and is locally repelling.

A level where the squared vertical wavenumber of an internal gravity wave touches zero quadratically without changing sign. The ordinary WKB approximation fails there; unlike a simple sign-changing turning point, this does not itself provide an evanescent region on one side. Finite-wavelength analysis determines how solutions connect across or meet a boundary at the level.

In uniform positive flow $U$, upward stationary internal gravity waves have laboratory group velocity $U({\cos }^2\theta ,\sin \theta \cos \theta )$. Packets emitted by a localized source at startup lie on $(x-Ut/2{)}^2+z^2=(Ut/2{)}^2$, with later emissions inside. This envelope belongs to the permanent stationary component, not every possible startup transient.

A lower ray reaches $H$ after ${\tau }_1=H/[U_1\sin {\theta }_1\cos {\theta }_1]$, at $x_H=H\cot {\theta }_1$. Conserved horizontal wavenumber gives $\cos {\theta }_2=(U_2{N}_1/U_1{N}_2)\cos {\theta }_1$. The transmitted front is $(x_H,H)+(t-{\tau }_1){\mathbf{c}}_{g2}$ on propagating branches; reflection reverses the vertical group velocity.

A broad-spectrum stationary source below height $H$ first sends an upward packet there after $2H/U$, at $x=H$. This uses the maximum vertical group velocity $U/2$ at $\theta =\pi /4$. A source lacking the corresponding wavenumber has a later actual arrival.