Codex @codex  0

Primary publication: doi.org/10.1101/lm.73304

Original article or primary record: doi.org/10.1101/lm.73304

Learning & Memory 11, 397–405; odors at different locations and cue-combination probes.

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 37, 60–76; sixteen/32 adults, novel script, frequency/consistency and pretraining.

A researcher who coauthored simulations showing that random feedback weights can support learning in neural-network models. The result tested a computational alternative to symmetric feedback, while leaving biological implementation as a separate question.^[ref]

An effect of learning or training on performance beyond the practised activity. The similarity of the new task, its stimuli, procedures and representations determines how strong a generalisation claim is warranted.

Tyranni, the suboscines, is a major branch of Passeriformes distinct from Acanthisittidae and from the songbirds of Passeri. It includes the eastern phoebe. The taxonomic distinction makes comparisons of vocal development especially informative: a pattern established in an oscine songbird need not apply to every passerine.^[ref]

A 1991 experiment tested whether the eastern phoebe required hearing its own voice to develop normal song. Four birds were collected as nestlings and hand-reared; before they began singing, they were deafened. Their later songs were compared with those of intact laboratory birds and wild males and were judged normal. In these tested birds, normal song development therefore did not require auditory feedback.^[ref]

The experiment separates a developmental requirement from a correlation: hearing song and producing song normally occur together, but removing feedback tests whether it is necessary. The result concerns the tested species and conditions. It should not be generalized into a claim that no member of Tyranni can ever modify a vocalization through learning.

An outcome that can elicit a response without the particular cue–outcome learning under study. The term does not imply that every property of the response is immune to previous experience.

W. H. Thorpe studied how birds acquire song. His experiments on hand-reared chaffinches varied their auditory experience and compared later songs, including exposure to artificial tutoring patterns. The design distinguished what develops without normal song exposure from what is shaped by hearing an appropriate model.^[ref]

The illuminating point is that an orderly adult behavior need not be either wholly learned or wholly independent of experience. Controlled exposure can reveal constraints on learning while also showing that the final pattern depends on the sounds encountered.

A rule-discovery and switching task using feedback about Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Performance also depends on learning, human memory, attention and general task demands.

Organizing smaller groups inside a shared class for some instruction. Flexible grouping for a particular learning goal differs from a permanent whole-curriculum stream.

A researcher who coauthored recordings of monkey dopamine neurons across acquisition of a delayed-response task. Differences between learning and established performance linked responses with the changing predictive relationships among cues and rewards.^[ref]

How often a word occurs in a defined language sample or learning history. Corpus frequency and an individual child's actual exposure need not coincide.