Noise-equivalent radiance is the incident radiance change producing signal-to-noise ratio one for a specified spectral and electrical bandwidth. A linear radiometer with voltage response and RMS voltage noise has . Its convention must distinguish per-sample noise from a noise amplitude per square-root bandwidth.
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Noise-equivalent power (NEP) is a key parameter used to describe the sensitivity of a detector or sensor, often in the context of optical and infrared detectors. It quantifies the minimum power of an incoming signal that can be reliably detected above the noise level of the system. Specifically, NEP is defined as the incident power of a signal that produces a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of one when integrated over a given bandwidth.