Past exam of the approximation theory and finite element methods course of the University of Oxford / 2007 / B / 5 / i

The Sobolev space and norm areIn one dimension these functions have continuous representatives and well-defined endpoint traces. integration by parts gives the weak problem: find $u\in H^1(a,b)$ such that $a(u,v)=\ell (v)$ for all $v\in H^1(a,b)$, whereIndeed the integration boundary term is $-u^{\prime }(b)v(b)+u^{\prime }(a)v(a)$; substituting $u^{\prime }(a)=u(a)-A$ and $u^{\prime }(b)=B-u(b)$ gives the two positive boundary terms on the left.

If $0\notin [a,b]$, put $m={\min }_{[a,b]}{x}^2>0$. Then $a(v,v)\ge \Vert v^{\prime }{\Vert }_2^2+m\Vert v{\Vert }_2^2\ge \min (1,m)\Vert v{\Vert }_{H^1}^2$. If $0\in [a,b]$, the supplied trace inequality givesThus the form is coercive in both cases. The trace theorem and boundedness of $x^2$ give continuity of $a$ and $\ell$, and the Lax-Milgram theorem gives existence and uniqueness.