Past exam of the chemistry A course of the University of Cambridge / 2025 / Paper 1 / A3 / a / i / Solution

For one normal mode, the fundamental is $v=0\to 1$, with other modes initially in their ground levels. In the linear-dipole harmonic approximation, the transition moment is nonzero for $\Delta v=\pm 1$, so a vibrational fundamental is normally much stronger than its overtones, provided the mode has vibrational infrared activity.