Past exam of the mathematical methods II course of the University of Oxford / 2021 resit / 9 / d

Assume a simple, piecewise smooth closed curve oriented counterclockwise around its enclosed region $D$. Apply Green's theorem with $P=-y$ and $Q=x$:The orientation assumption is essential. A clockwise unit circle, $x=\cos \theta$, $y=-\sin \theta$ for $0\le \theta \le 2\pi$, gives $-2\pi$ although its enclosed area is $\pi$. For a self-intersecting curve the same line integral measures twice the signed area, with multiplicity, rather than necessarily twice an ordinary enclosed area.

For positive semiaxes $a,b$, the ellipse has the counterclockwise parametrization $x=a\cos \theta$, $y=b\sin \theta$. ThenThereforeIf nonzero signed constants are allowed in place of positive semiaxes, the geometric area is $\pi |ab|$.