Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2013 / ia / Paper 3 / 4C (Vector Calculus)

For a continuously differentiable vector field on all of ${\mathbb{R}}^3$, the necessary and sufficient condition for a conservative vector field is $\nabla \times \mathbf{F}=0$. Necessity follows from equality of mixed partial derivatives of a potential; sufficiency uses the ${\mathbb{R}}^3$ being a simply connected space. On a general domain the topology cannot be omitted.

Here the relevant mixed partial derivatives areThus the curl vanishes. Integrating the first component in $x$ gives $\Phi =x^2\cos y-2x{z}^3+A(y,z)$. Matching the second component gives $A_y=3+2y{e}^z$, hence $A=3y+y^2{e}^z+B(z)$. Matching the last component forces $B^{\prime }=0$. A potential of a conservative vector field with the convention $\mathbf{F}=\nabla \Phi$ is consequentlyIf a physical potential is defined instead through $\mathbf{F}=-\nabla V$, it is $V=-\Phi$.