Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2014 / iii / Paper 32 / 1 / d

Set $z=z_{1-\alpha }$. Under the null hypothesis rejection requires both $W_1\ge f$ and $W_2>z$. Since $W_2$ has the standard normal distribution,The bivariate normal distribution in the preceding calculation has a nonsingular covariance matrix and strictly positive statistical probability density everywhere. For every finite futility boundary $f$ and $0<\alpha <1$, the open rectangle $\{W_1<f,W_2>z\}$ has positive probability. ThereforeFor an explicit expression, conditional on $W_1=w$ the full-sample statistic is $N(w/\sqrt{2},1/2)$ under the null hypothesis, yieldingThe Type I error is reduced because some otherwise rejecting paths stop for futility. Equality is approached as $f\to -\infty$, but does not hold at a finite futility boundary.