Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2017 / iii / Paper 201 / 1 / d

Put $M_k=S_k-mk$ as above. Centering the linear interpolation also interpolates the centered values: for $u\in [0,1]$,The absolute value of this convex combination is at most the larger endpoint absolute value. For every fixed $A>0$, part (c) therefore givesHence there is uniform convergence on compacts in probability to the deterministic path $h(t)=mt$, by Markov inequality. Equip $C([0,\infty ),\mathbb{R})$ with its standard compact-open topology, metrized byFor each finite number of terms their suprema converge to zero in probability, and the remaining tail is bounded deterministically by ${\sum }_{j>J}{2}^{-j}$. Thus $d(S^{(N)},h)\to 0$ in probability. Convergence in probability to a deterministic point implies weak convergence of probability measures, so the fluid limit isHere ${\delta }_h$ is the Dirac measure concentrated on that continuous path. The topology is locally uniform convergence; no assertion of uniform convergence over the entire unbounded half-line is needed. The interpolation is intended for integers $k\ge 0$, including the initial interval $[0,1]$. If the PDF's ${\mathbb{Z}}^{+}$ is interpreted as strictly positive integers, that initial piece is omitted from the displayed definition and must be supplied by the same formula using $S_0=0$.