Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2018 / iii / Paper 140 / 2

Let $\dim V=2n$ and let $V_{+}=\ker (S-I)$ and $V_{-}=\ker (S+I)$ be the two eigenspaces. The involution identity gives a direct sum, sinceFor $u,v$ in either one of these eigenspaces, the anti-symplectic involution identity impliesso both are isotropic subspaces of a symplectic vector space. Such a subspace has dimension at most $n$: $W\subset W^{\Omega }$ and the nondegenerate bilinear form $\Omega$ gives $\dim W^{\Omega }=2n-\dim W$, where $W^{\Omega }$ is the symplectic orthogonal complement. As their dimensions add to $2n$, both have dimension $n$. Therefore

Use the decomposition into Lagrangian subspaces $V=V_{+}\oplus V_{-}$ from part (a). The bilinear form $\Omega$ pairs $V_{+}$ and $V_{-}$ nondegenerately: a vector in either summand annihilating the other already annihilates its own summand and hence all of $V$, so is zero.

Choose a basis $e_1,\dots ,e_n$ of $V_{+}$. The linear mapis an linear isomorphism. Let $f_j$ correspond to the dual basis of the $e_i$. Then $\Omega (e_i,f_j)={\delta }_{ij}$, and the pairings within each summand vanish. Thus

For $p\in \mathrm{Fix}(\sigma )$, differentiation gives $(d{\sigma }_p{)}^2=I$ and $(d{\sigma }_p{)}^{\ast }{\omega }_p=-{\omega }_p$. Thus $d{\sigma }_p$ is an anti-symplectic involution of the symplectic vector space $T_{p}M$. By part (a), its $+1$ eigenspace is a Lagrangian subspace.

In the local manifold chart supplied in the question, $\sigma$ is linear, so its fixed-point set is the intersection of the chart with this $+1$ eigenspace. Therefore the fixed-point set is an embedded submanifold andEvery such tangent space has half the ambient dimension and the symplectic form vanishes on it. Hence every nonempty fixed-point set is a Lagrangian submanifold. The fixed-point set itself need not be connected.

Let $\sigma (z)=\overline{z}$, componentwise complex conjugation. Interpret the printed $|z^2|$ in the potential as $|z{|}^2={\sum }_j|z_j{|}^2$. With $D=1+|z{|}^2$, the local Fubini-Study form isIts pullback of a differential form under $\sigma$ iswhere the last equality swaps $j,k$ and uses antisymmetry of the wedge product of differential forms. Since ${\sigma }^2=I$, it is an anti-symplectic involution, with fixed-point set ${\mathbb{R}}^n$. Part (c) gives

As usual for Complex projective space and Real projective space, homogeneous coordinates are represented by nonzero vectors. Componentwise complex conjugation descends to the diffeomorphismIt is well defined because $\overline{\lambda z}=\overline{\lambda }\overline{z}$, and ${\tau }^2=I$. Every standard manifold chart is invariant under $\tau$, with ${\phi }_i\circ \tau =\sigma \circ {\phi }_i$. Part (d) and the gluing of the Fubini-Study form therefore imply ${\tau }^{\ast }{\omega }_{FS}=-{\omega }_{FS}$.

A point $[z]$ in the fixed-point set satisfies $\overline{z}=\lambda z$. Applying complex conjugation again gives $|\lambda |=1$. Choose $a\ne 0$ with $a/\overline{a}=\lambda$; then $\overline{az}=az$, so $[z]$ has a real representative. Conversely every real representative determines a point in the fixed-point set. Hence $\mathrm{Fix}(\tau )={\mathbb{RP}}^n$, and part (c) gives