Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Oxford / 2017 / Prelims / Mathematics V resit / Question 5 / a

Let the uniform string have constant tension $\tau >0$ and linear mass density $\mu >0$. Assume small transverse motion with $|u_x|\ll 1$, negligible longitudinal motion, and no external transverse force. If the string makes angle $\beta$ with the horizontal, then $\tan \beta =u_x$, and the small-angle approximation gives $\sin \beta \simeq u_x$ and $ds\simeq dx$ to first order.

The net upward force on the segment from $x$ to $x+\Delta x$ is thereforeBy Newton's second law, its mass $\mu \Delta x$ times its transverse acceleration equals this force, to the order retained in the small displacement model. Divide by $\Delta x$ and let $\Delta x\to 0$ to obtainThus the wave equation on a string iswhere $c$ is the wave speed. The horizontal force balance makes the horizontal component of tension constant; to first order it equals $\tau$.