Past exam of the mathematics course of the year 2 of the natural sciences course of the University of Cambridge / 2022 / Paper 1 / 3

The homogeneous equation is a Cauchy-Euler equation. With the power-law ansatz $y=x^r$ on $x>0$, its indicial equation isThus $r=(1-\alpha )/2$ is a repeated indicial root. The two independent solutions are $x^r$ and $x^r\log x$, givingTheir Wronskian, with $W=y_1{y}_2^{\prime }-y_1^{\prime }{y}_2$, is $x^{2r-1}=x^{-\alpha }\ne 0$, verifying linear independence.

Choose the causal Green function convention $L_{x}G(x,\xi )=\delta (x-\xi )$ for each source point $\xi >0$, with $G(x,\xi )=0$ when $x<\xi$. This automatically gives the two zero-origin limits. The kernel is continuous at $x=\xi$, and integrating its equation across the source requires the unit derivative jump ${\partial }_{x}G({\xi }^{+},\xi )-{\partial }_{x}G({\xi }^{-},\xi )=1$.

For $x>\xi$, the homogeneous basis from part (a) gives a continuous kernel proportional to $x^r\log (x/\xi )$. Its derivative at $x=\xi$ is ${\xi }^{r-1}$, so the normalization is ${\xi }^{1-r}$. Hence the causal Green function for a repeated-root Euler operator isThe same formula follows from $[y_1(\xi )y_2(x)-y_2(\xi )y_1(x)]/W(\xi )$ on the right of the source, with $W(\xi )={\xi }^{-\alpha }$.

The singular endpoint matters for uniqueness. If $\alpha <-1$, then $r>1$, and both $x^r$ and $x^r\log x$, together with their first derivatives, vanish at zero. Adding any source-dependent linear combination of these homogeneous solutions to $G$ preserves the two stated origin conditions. Thus those conditions alone do not determine a unique Green's function in that parameter range. The causal requirement used here selects the displayed kernel. For $\alpha \ge -1$ no nonzero homogeneous solution satisfies both zero-origin limits, so this ambiguity is absent.

Using the causal Green's function,Put $\xi =xs$. Since $\alpha >-5$ is equivalent to $r<3$, the improper integral converges and givesThe elementary identity ${\int }_0^1{s}^{p-1}(-\log s)ds=1/p^2$ follows by differentiating ${\int }_0^1{s}^{p-1}ds=1/p$ for $p>0$. Direct substitution checks $L(x^3)=(\alpha +5{)}^{2}x/4$, and the displayed solution and its first derivative vanish at zero.

To give all solutions allowed by the printed boundary conditions, retain the singular-endpoint qualification from part (b):Thus the causal integral gives a particular member of a two-parameter family in the first range and the unique solution in the second.