A useful net bookkeeping reaction for thiol adsorption is
(1)
with removal or reaction of the hydrogen depending on environment. Equivalently, a simplified overall balance can combine two hydrogen atoms into . These balances identify sulfur anchoring; they are not a claim that one elementary adsorption step universally releases hydrogen gas.
Molecules arrive at the interface, adsorb through sulfur, and reorganize laterally as coverage grows. Interactions between the chains favor packing and order, with the hydroxyl end groups facing outward. Gold surface structure, defects and adsorption conditions affect the final film.
Figure 1.
Original schematic of hydroxyl-terminated molecules anchored to gold and the through-liquid contact angle with interfacial-tension balance
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