Past exam of the physics 2 paper of the University of Oxford / 2013 resit / 5 / i

Faraday's law statesfor a stationary loop, with ${\Phi }_B=\int \mathbf{B}\cdot d\mathbf{S}$ and consistent contour and area orientations. The minus sign expresses Lenz's law: the induced response opposes the change of magnetic flux. An emf can exist across an open loop even when no conduction current flows.