Write and . The electric field isIt has linear polarization, along the fixed line , at angle from toward . For the associated plane electromagnetic wave, Faraday's law gives . HenceIn vacuum . Both fields are transverse, and points along .
Here , so the tip of the electric field traces a circle at constant magnitude: this is circular polarization. At fixed , it starts at when and initially rotates toward . This explicit rotation specifies the sense without relying on competing handedness conventions.
Using , with , givesIn vacuum replace by . The magnetic flux density also has constant magnitude and is perpendicular to at every instant.
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