Past exam of the physics course of the year 4 of the natural sciences course of the University of Cambridge / 2013 / Paper 1 / Section A / A4

For equally nondegenerate levels, the partition function is $Z=e^{-\beta ϵ}(1+e^{-\beta \Delta })$. The mean energy per particle is $U=ϵ+\Delta /(1+e^{\beta \Delta })$, so the Schottky anomaly has heat capacityAt low temperature, $C\sim k_B(\Delta /k_{B}T{)}^2{e}^{-\Delta /(k_{B}T)}$ because excitation is suppressed. At high temperature, $C\sim {\Delta }^2/(4k_B{T}^2)$ because the two populations approach equality and the energy saturates. The peak is about $0.439k_B$ at $k_{B}T\simeq 0.417\Delta$. The common offset $ϵ$ does not affect heat capacity. Multiply by particle number for the total heat capacity, or divide by the corresponding mass for a mass-specific quantity.