Past exam of the quantum condensed matter course of the University of Cambridge / 2021 / Section A / 3

Let adjacent equal masses $m$ be separated by $a$, with alternating strong and weak spring constants $K$ and $\kappa$, $K\gg \kappa >0$. The pattern repeats after $2a$, even though the masses are identical. Thus the first Brillouin zone isChoose the strong bond inside each two-atom primitive unit cell. With displacement amplitudes $(u,v)e^{i(2naq-\omega t)}$, the normal mode equations areThe alternating-spring chain dispersion relation is consequentlyThe lower acoustic phonon branch has in-phase motion within the strongly bound pair and ${\omega }_{-}(0)=0$. Its small-$q$ slope is the speed of sound,The upper optical phonon branch has opposite motion within each pair, with ${\omega }_{+}(0)=\sqrt{2(K+\kappa )/m}$. Here “optical” names the gapped branch; equal neutral masses need not couple to light through an electric dipole.

In the strong-bond limit of the alternating-spring chain, the pairs act almost as rigid dimers in the low-frequency branch, while their internal stretch gives a high, nearly flat branch:At the zone edge the two frequencies are $\sqrt{2\kappa /m}$ and $\sqrt{2K/m}$, separated by a large forbidden frequency interval. Neighbouring cells are out of phase there. Both branches have horizontal tangents at the edge.